Molecular Mechanism of HIV-1 Vpr for Binding to Importin-α

Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory gene product of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that plays multiple important roles associated with viral replication. Structural studies using NMR have revealed that Vpr consists of three alpha-helices and contains flexible N- and C-termini. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with Vpr function have not been elucidated. To investigate Vpr multifunctionality, we performed an X-ray crystallographic study of Vpr complexes containing importin-alpha, a known Vpr binding partner present in host cells. Elucidation of the crystal structure revealed that the flexible C-terminus changes its conformation to a twisted beta-turn via an induced-fit mechanism, enabling binding to a minor nuclear localization signal (NLS) site of importin-alpha. The Vpr C-terminus can also bind with major NLS sites of importin-alpha in an extended conformation in different ways. These results, which represent the first reported crystallographic analysis of Vpr, demonstrate the multifunctional aspects that enable Vpr interaction with a variety of cellular proteins. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.