Toxicity Effects and Mechanisms of MgO Nanoparticles on the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans and Its Host Solanum tuberosum

Engineered nanoparticles have recently been used for innovation in agricultural disease management. However, both the toxicity effects and mechanisms of nanoparticles in target pathogens and their host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we found that magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) could protect potatoes against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) at a low dosage (50 mu g/mL). Through scanning electron microscopy observation, antioxidant enzymes activity measurement, and gene transcriptome analysis, we found that the cell surfaces of P. infestans were destroyed, endogenous superoxide dismutase continuously remained in a higher active state, oxidoreductase activity-related gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched with upregulation, and transporter-activity related GO terms and six essential metabolism-related pathways were enriched with downregulation in P. infestans after 30 min MgO NPs treatment, whereas only 89 genes were changed without enriched GO and pathways terms, and no change in antioxidant activities and phenylalnine ammonialyase in potato appeared at 6 h post-MgO NPs treatment. Only the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was enriched with upregulation under differential expression analysis in potatoes. In conclusion, cell surface distortion, continuous oxidative stress, and inhibitions of membrane transport activity and metabolic pathways were toxic mechanisms of Mg ONPs in P. infestans, and the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was potentially regulated by Mg-ONPs without obviously harmful effects on potato after Mg ONPs exposure.

Automated summary

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) can protect potatoes against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) at a low dosage. MgO NPs treatment results in the destruction of cell surfaces in P. infestans, continuous oxidative stress, and inhibition of membrane transport activity and metabolic pathways.