Global Multi-Regional Input-Output methodology reveals lower energy footprint in an alternative community project

Identifying the energy needs of citizens and taking into account different lifestyles and patterns of consumption is a first step for a global transformation towards renewable, fair and democratic energy systems. Currently, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is the most widely used metric of energy consumption, which only includes the energy consumed within a country. This research addresses an alternative indicator, Total Primary Energy Footprint (TPEF), which also includes the energy embedded in imported goods and services. The research is innovative in its pioneering combination of a Global Multi-Regional Input-Output (GMRIO) methodology with household budget surveys (HBS) and consumption to production sectorial bridge matrices to calculate TPEF at a small community level. Errekaleor, the largest off-grid alternative intentional community located in Basque Country, Spain, was taken as a case study. The results show, firstly, that alternative communal living can reduce energy consumption. In terms of the specific case study, even if direct residential energy consumption (4.46 MWh center dot cap-1 center dot yr-1) was shown to be 32 % and 15% higher in Errekaleor as compared with Basque and Spanish averages, a TPEF of 31.10 MWh center dot cap-1 center dot yr-1 per capita was determined for the community, 24 % and 14 % below the regional and national averages. Secondly, the relevance of indirect energy embedded in acquired goods and services in determining consumption-based energy use was shown. This accounts for 80.7 % of total consumption in Spain, 74.9 % in the Basque Country, and 66.3 % in Errekaleor. Within Errekaleor, individual arrangements impacted significantly, as people living in families have 33.5 % smaller energy footprints (28.45 MWh center dot cap-1 center dot yr-1) than individuals living alone (42.79 MWh center dot cap-1 center dot yr-1), who have a TPEF above the Basque average. Thus, the combination of GMRIO and HBS in the analyzed bottom-up case study made an important contribution in terms of clarifying the existing debate about the relative energy efficiency of alternative communities. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

Identifying the energy needs of citizens and considering different lifestyles and consumption patterns is crucial for transforming energy systems. This research introduces an alternative indicator, Total Primary Energy Footprint (TPEF), which includes energy embedded in imported goods and services. The study combines a Global Multi-Regional Input-Output methodology with household budget surveys to calculate TPEF at a small community level. The results highlight the potential reduction in energy consumption through alternative communal living and emphasize the importance of indirect energy embedded in acquired goods and services.