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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Cecylia S. Lupala et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in over 270 million infections and 5.3 million deaths worldwide. The emergence of the Omicron variant has raised concerns about reducing vaccine efficacy and neutralizing antibodies due to its numerous mutations. Analysis indicates that the Omicron variant binds more strongly to the human ACE2 protein, with mutations at the ACE2-RBD interface enhancing tight binding through increased hydrogen bonding interactions and enlarged buried solvent accessible surface area.
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Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
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Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
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Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elisabetta Cameroni et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.
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Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Rolando Pajon et al.
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(2022)
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Dhiraj Mannar et al.
Summary: The newly reported Omicron variant shows new salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by mutated residues in the receptor binding domain, compensating for reduced ACE2 binding affinity. It also exhibits increased antibody evasion, which likely contributes to its rapid spread.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wanchao Yin et al.
Summary: The structures of the Omicron spike trimer and its interactions with ACE2 and an anti-Omicron antibody are reported. Most mutations in Omicron are located on the spike protein surface, altering binding to many existing antibodies. Compensating mutations in the ACE2-binding site enhance binding to ACE2. The therapeutic antibody JMB2002 maintains neutralizing activity against Omicron and inhibits ACE2 binding.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.
Summary: The viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and reinfections are generally lower than primary infections in unvaccinated individuals, indicating potentially lower infectiousness. COVID-19 vaccines not only protect against acquisition of infection but also appear to protect against transmission.
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Immunology
Hoa Thi My Vo et al.
Summary: This study followed Cambodian individuals for up to nine months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and found that humoral and cellular immune memory was maintained, and immune protection was sustained in the absence of reinfection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
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Harold Marcotte et al.
Summary: This study monitored the immune response in COVID-19 patients up to 15 months after symptom onset. It found that the IgG antibody response and plasma neutralizing titers gradually decreased over time but stabilized after 6 months. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B and T cells persisted in the majority of patients up to 15 months, but there was a significant decrease in specific T cells between 6 and 15 months. Some variants of concern may partially escape the neutralizing activity of plasma antibodies.
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Sheila F. Lumley et al.
Summary: Natural infection with detectable anti-spike antibodies and two doses of vaccine provide robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the B.1.1.7 variant in healthcare workers. Single dose vaccination significantly reduces the risk of symptomatic infection.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Ryan M. Barber et al.
Summary: Timely, accurate, and comprehensive estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are crucial for understanding past infections and transmission risks. This study provided a novel approach to estimate global and location-specific infections, combining data sources and correcting biases for more reliable estimates. The findings show staggering impacts of COVID-19 on the global population, highlighting the importance of continued research and policy responses.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
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Medicine, General & Internal
Yinon M. Bar-On et al.
Summary: After administering the fourth dose of BNT162b2 vaccine to individuals aged 60 years and older during the period when the omicron variant was predominant, Israel observed lower rates of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe Covid-19 compared to those who received only three doses. The protection against severe illness remained consistent, while the protection against confirmed infection decreased over time.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades antibody-mediated immunity and exhibits enhanced affinity for host cells due to accumulation of spike mutations and remodeling of interactions with the ACE2 receptor.
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Sabrina Lusvarghi et al.
Summary: The neutralization capacity of the Omicron variant by postvaccination serum samples was found to be low, but increased significantly after a booster vaccination. Among the therapeutic antibody products tested, only a few showed high potency against Omicron. These findings highlight the importance of mRNA vaccine boosters and the need for the rapid development of antibody therapeutics to combat emerging variants.
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Erez Bar-Haim et al.
Summary: Both cellular and humoral anamnestic responses play important roles in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This study compared the responses of elderly individuals before and after receiving a fourth dose of BNT162b2 vaccine with those who received three doses. While a boost effect was observed, the high response after the third dose raises questions about the necessity of an early fourth boost.
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Summary: Marine recruits training at Parris Island experienced a high rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was twice that seen in the community. The transmission of the virus was mainly due to multiple introductions and spread within companies. Frequent testing and case isolation may help minimize outbreaks.
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Jeffrey P. Townsend et al.
Summary: This study utilized comparative evolutionary analysis to estimate the durability and breakthrough infection likelihood of different COVID-19 vaccines, showing that mRNA vaccines may offer more long-lasting protection compared to viral vector vaccines.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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Jackie Kleynhans et al.
Summary: After the third wave of COVID-19 infections in South Africa, seroprevalence in a rural community reached 60%, while in an urban community it reached 70%. The high seroprevalence before the emergence of the Omicron variant may have contributed to the reduced illness severity observed in the fourth wave.
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Venkata-Viswanadh Edara et al.
Summary: The study indicates that a two-dose vaccination may not provide sufficient neutralizing antibody responses against the omicron variant, with a significant reduction in neutralizing activity observed after six months. However, COVID-19-recovered individuals still retain some level of neutralizing antibody responses. A third dose (booster shot) is necessary to enhance the neutralizing activity against the omicron variant.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jennifer M. Dan et al.
Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.
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Medicine, General & Internal
Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the protection against breakthrough infection with SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination, comparing individuals with and without prior infection. The findings showed that individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had a significantly lower risk for breakthrough infection, indicating a potential benefit of natural immunity in vaccine protection.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
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Immunology
Nina Le Bert et al.
Summary: The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a delicate balance between antiviral and inflammatory responses. Asymptomatic individuals clearing SARS-CoV-2 showed increased production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, along with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines, while symptomatic individuals displayed a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Melodie Monod et al.
Summary: Research shows that in the United States, individuals aged 20 to 49 are the main source of COVID-19 transmission, playing a crucial role in the spread of the virus. Therefore, targeting interventions towards this age group is crucial in halting the resurgence of the epidemic and preventing COVID-19 deaths.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leonidas Stamatatos et al.
Summary: The study found that vaccination of both previously infected individuals and those who were not infected resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers, with previously infected individuals showing a greater boost in neutralizing titers. Vaccination of naive individuals also elicited cross-neutralizing responses, but at lower titers.
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Critical Care Medicine
Andrew Letizia et al.
Summary: Young adults with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have about one-fifth the risk of subsequent infection compared to those without antibodies. While antibodies from initial infection offer protection, they do not guarantee effective neutralization or immunity against future infection. These findings could impact mass vaccination strategies.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
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Critical Care Medicine
Andrew Letiziat et al.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
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Immunology
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: mRNA vaccines exhibit robust serological and cellular priming, with naïve individuals requiring two doses for optimal antibody responses, especially against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for spike protein and RBD were efficiently primed by vaccination, while recovered individuals showed significant boosting after the first dose, correlating with preexisting memory B cell levels. Identifying distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure suggests that recovered subjects may only need one vaccine dose for peak responses, which can inform vaccine distribution strategies in resource-limited settings.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: Virus-specific T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection can play a dual role in either protection or pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of studying the function of these cells for future therapeutic and preventative strategies.
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Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zijun Wang et al.
Summary: Despite challenges posed by COVID-19 variants, convalescent individuals receiving mRNA vaccines exhibit robust and long-lasting immune responses against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing hope for effective control of the pandemic.
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Shane Crotty
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Allison J. Greaney et al.
Summary: Vaccine-elicited antibodies have more focused neutralizing activity on the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while infection-elicited antibodies have broader binding across epitopes; hence, single RBD mutations have less impact on neutralization by vaccine sera.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
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Rosemary J. Boyton et al.
Summary: One of the key challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic is understanding asymptomatic disease and its potential for transmission. Studies have looked into various factors influencing the prevalence of asymptomatic disease, including age, demographics, viral load, shedding duration, and immunity. Clearer understanding is needed on how asymptomatic disease may lead to long COVID and the immune priming required for subsequent protection.
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Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 variants do not significantly disrupt total T cell reactivity, although decreases in response frequency of 10%-22% were observed under certain assay/VOC combinations. This underscores the importance of actively monitoring T cell responses in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
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Arunasingam Abayasingam et al.
Summary: The study suggests that while neutralizing antibodies in plasma may decline, the neutralizing capacity can still be maintained in the memory B cell repertoire. These memory B cells are capable of continuously producing antibodies with neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2.
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