Enhancing the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds of Soybean Fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus Using Supercritical CO2: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Oxidative Proprieties of the Resulting Extract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of supercritical CO2 combined with cosolvent for the recovery of bioactive compounds of soybean fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710. Soxhlet extractions using seven different organic solvents (n-hexane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) were initially performed for comparative purposes. The extracts obtained were characterized by physicochemical, antioxidant, total phenolic, and oxidative proprieties. For the Soxhlet extractions, the highest and lowest yields obtained were 45.24% and 15.56%, using methanol and hexane, respectively. The extraction using supercritical CO2 combined with ethanol as a static modifier (scCO(2) + EtOH) presented, at a high pressure (25 MPa) and temperature (80 degrees C), a phenolic compound content of 1391.9 mu g GAE g(-1) and scavenging of 0.17 g, reaching a 42.87% yield. The extracts obtained by sCO(2) + EtOH were characterized by high contents of essential fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid) and bioactive compounds (gallic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, daidzein, and genistein). These extracts also showed a great potential for inhibiting hyaluronidase enzymes (i.e., anti-inflammatory activity). Thermogravimetric analyses of the samples showed similar profiles, with oil degradation values in the range from 145 to 540 degrees C, indicating progressive oil decomposition with a mass loss ranging from 93 to 98.7%. In summary, this study demonstrated the flexibility of scCO(2) + EtOH as a green technology that can be used to obtain high-value-added products from fermented soybean.

Automated summary

The present study evaluated the use of supercritical CO2 combined with a cosolvent for the recovery of bioactive compounds from soybean fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710. The extraction using supercritical CO2 combined with ethanol showed high yields and high quality extracts, which were characterized by high contents of essential fatty acids and bioactive compounds. The extracts also exhibited good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.