Hybrid Nanofluid Radiative Mixed Convection Stagnation Point Flow Past a Vertical Flat Plate with Dufour and Soret Effects

The widespread application of hybrid nanofluid in real applications has been accompanied by a large increase in computational and experimental research. Due to the unique characteristics of hybrid nanofluid, this study aspires to examine the steady two-dimensional mixed convection stagnation point flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a vertical plate with radiation, Dufour, and Soret effects, numerically. The formulations of the specific flow model are presented in this study. The model of fluid flow that is expressed in the form of partial differential equations is simplified into ordinary differential equations via the transformation of similarity, and then solved numerically by using the boundary value problem solver known as bvp4c in MATLAB, which implements the finite difference scheme with the Lobatto IIIa formula. Two possible numerical solutions can be executed, but only the first solution is stable and meaningful from a physical perspective when being evaluated via a stability analysis. According to the findings, it is sufficient to prevent the boundary layer separation by using 2% copper nanoparticles and considering the lesser amount of Dufour and Soret effects. The heat transfer rate was effectively upgraded by minimizing the volume fraction of copper and diminishing the Dufour effect. Stronger mixed convection would lead to maximum skin friction, mass transfer, and heat transfer rates. This important preliminary research will give engineers and scientists the insight to properly control the flow of fluids in optimizing the related complicated systems.

Automated summary

This study numerically investigates the two-dimensional mixed convection of a hybrid nanofluid with radiation, Dufour, and Soret effects. It is found that using 2% copper nanoparticles and minimizing the Dufour effect can prevent boundary layer separation and enhance heat transfer rate. Stronger mixed convection leads to higher skin friction, mass transfer, and heat transfer rates.