Effect of Drying Methods on Volatile Compounds of Citrus reticulata Ponkan and Chachi Peels as Characterized by GC-MS and GC-IMS

To reflect the volatile differences of dried citrus peel as affected by cultivars and drying methods, the volatile compounds of dried citrus peel of two cultivars (Citrus reticulata Chachi and Citrus reticulata Ponkan), prepared under three drying methods (sun-drying (SD), hot-air-drying (AD), and freeze-drying (FD)), were analyzed by GC-MS, odor activity values (OAVs), and GC-IMS. GC-MS data indicated that SD was favorable to preserve terpenic alcohols (linalool, alpha-terpineol and terpinene-4-ol), beta-cymene, methyl methanthranilate, and monoterpenes; while AD was favorable to preserve aliphatic aldehydes and sesquiterpenes; and SD was more similar with AD in GC-MS analysis of volatile profile (of higher MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Furthermore, significant difference in volatile isomeric composition of different samples was also clearly demonstrated through extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) by GC-MS analysis. GC-IMS analysis showed the favorability of FD to preserve ketones, phenols, esters, and aromatic aldehydes; and SD was more similar with FD in GC-IMS analysis of volatile profile (of smaller MW) for both cultivars from the PCA outcome. Moreover, the OAVs indicate that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol contributed much to the flavor of dried Ponkan peel, while 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, methyl methanthranilate, and methyl anthranilate played an important role in the flavor of dried Chachi peel; and the highest OAVs for monoterpenes were observed at SD for both cultivars. Thus, the combination of GC-MS and GC-IMS analyses with PCA in this paper suggested the superiority of SD to preserve volatiles and characteristic aroma in dried citrus peel, and that SD contributed much to the quality of dried Chachi peel.

Automated summary

This study investigated the volatile compounds of dried citrus peel of two cultivars (Citrus reticulata Chachi and Citrus reticulata Ponkan) prepared under three drying methods (sun-drying, hot-air-drying, and freeze-drying) using GC-MS and GC-IMS analysis. The results showed that sun-drying was favorable for preserving terpenic alcohols and monoterpenes, hot-air-drying was favorable for preserving aliphatic aldehydes and sesquiterpenes, and freeze-drying was favorable for preserving ketones, phenols, esters, and aromatic aldehydes. The combination of GC-MS and GC-IMS analyses with PCA suggested the superiority of sun-drying in preserving volatiles and characteristic aroma in dried citrus peel.