Journal
PATHOGENS
Volume 11, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101207
Keywords
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis; berberine; theronts; tomonts; acute toxicity
Categories
Funding
- Earmarked fund for CARS [CARS-45]
- Open project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes [2021050-ZHX]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [32170437]
- Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) [2019QZKK0304]
- Protist 10,000 Genomics Project (P10K) Consortium
- National Aquatic Biological Resource Center (NABRC)
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Berberine has strong toxic effects on the theronts of I. multifiliis, but has no effect on the protomonts. It can reduce the release of theronts and change the shape of protomonts. Berberine could be an effective and safe potential parasiticide for killing I. multifiliis.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a pathogenic ciliate parasite, which infects almost all freshwater teleost fish and leads to significant economic losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of berberine to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis, that is, theronts and tomonts. Our results indicated that 99.30% of I. multifiliis theronts were killed by a concentration of 15 mg/L berberine during the 4 h exposure time, while berberine had no effect on protomonts. Nevertheless, berberine at a concentration of 5 mg/L could effectively reduce the release of theronts from tomonts treated for 4 h. Additionally, according to the transmission electron microscopy results, berberine at 15 mg/L could strongly change the shape of protomonts, destroy their organelles, and significantly decrease the number of ribosomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of berberine for goldfish at 96 h was 528.44 mg/L, which was almost 67 times the median effective concentration (EC50) of berberine for killing theronts (7.86 mg/L). The results demonstrated that berberine could be an effective and safe potential parasiticide for killing I. multifiliis.
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