Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Intake, Digestibility, Feeding Behavior, Milk Production, and Nitrogen Metabolism

Simple Summary Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product used in the diet of ruminants (sheep, dairy cows, beef cattle) with the aim of reducing production costs. The inclusion of PKC showed promising results mainly in feedlot animals. However, among domestic ruminant species, goats are the most selective feed animals, which may result in different feeding behavior and performance when PKC is included in the diet. We tested the dietary inclusion of PKC, a by-product of the biofuel industry, at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg(-1), to evaluate its impact on the performance, feeding behavior and the metabolic profile of lactating goats. The inclusion of up to 80 g kg(-1) PKC is recommended for the diet of goats without affecting the performance. This study was carried out to determine the optimal inclusion rate of palm kernel cake (PKC) in diets for lactating goats based on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, milk production and nitrogen metabolism. Twelve goats were used, eight Saanen and four Anglo Nubian, with a body weight of 46.0 +/- 9.4 kg and 105 +/- 5 days of lactation, distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design in triplicate. The diets were composed of increasing levels of PKC; 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg(-1) of dry matter (DM). The DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates intakes decreased (p < 0.01) with the PKC inclusion. Milk production and milk protein decreased (p = 0.001), and milk production efficiency was not affected (p > 0.05) by the PKC inclusion. The ether extract intake varied quadratically (p < 0.01). Feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter and NDF were reduced (p < 0.001). The fat and total solids contents of the milk were influenced quadratically (p < 0.05). Nitrogen excretion (feces and milk), and retained nitrogen decreased (p < 0.001). Moderate use of up to 80 g kg(-1) DM of PKC in the diet of lactating goats is recommended since at these levels milk production or body weight are significantly affected.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the impact of palm kernel cake (PKC) on the performance, feeding behavior, and metabolic profile of lactating goats. The results showed that moderate inclusion of PKC had no significant effect on the performance of goats, but high inclusion levels reduced milk production and body weight.