Recent Strategies to Address Hypoxic Tumor Environments in Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a promising method of cancer treatment due to its unique properties, such as noninvasiveness and low toxicity. The efficacy of PDT is, however, significantly reduced by the hypoxia tumor environments, because PDT involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which requires the great consumption of oxygen. Moreover, the consumption of oxygen caused by PDT would further exacerbate the hypoxia condition, which leads to angiogenesis, invasion of tumors to other parts, and metastasis. Therefore, many research studies have been conducted to design nanoplatforms that can alleviate tumor hypoxia and enhance PDT. Herein, the recent progress on strategies for overcoming tumor hypoxia is reviewed, including the direct transport of oxygen to the tumor site by O-2 carriers, the in situ generation of oxygen by decomposition of oxygen-containing compounds, reduced O-2 consumption, as well as the regulation of tumor microenvironments. Limitations and future perspectives of these technologies to improve PDT are also discussed.

Automated summary

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment method due to its noninvasiveness and low toxicity. However, the effectiveness of PDT is significantly reduced in hypoxic tumor environments. Researchers are exploring strategies such as oxygen transport, oxygen generation, reducing oxygen consumption, and regulating tumor microenvironments to overcome tumor hypoxia and enhance PDT.