Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease

Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system-related disorders (endometriosis, and breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer), bone-related abnormalities, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, urogenital tract disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cutaneous melanoma. ER alpha (ER alpha), ER beta (ER beta), and novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) have been identified as the most prominent ERs. This review provides an overview of ER alpha, ER beta, and GPER1, as well as their functions in health and disease. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications and challenges are discussed.

Automated summary

Estrogen receptors play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in humans. Abnormal signaling of these receptors can lead to a wide range of disorders. This review provides an overview of ER alpha, ER beta, and GPER1, highlighting their functions in both health and disease. Additionally, it discusses the potential clinical applications and challenges associated with these receptors.