Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039194
Keywords
TRM; respiratory pathogens; mucosal immunity; mucosal vaccines; T Cell immunity; influenza; COVID-19
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
- [AI042767]
- [AI114543]
- [T32 AI007260]
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Historically, the induction of neutralizing antibodies in the blood has been the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. However, there is now growing recognition of the importance of mucosal immunity and tissue resident memory T cells (T-rm) in the early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens.
Historically, the gold-standard benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity has been the induction of neutralizing antibodies detectable in the serum of peripheral blood. However, in recent years there has been a new appreciation for the mucosa as an important site for vaccine induced immunity. As a point of first contact, the mucosal tissue represents a major site of immune based detection and restriction of pathogen entry and dissemination. Tissue resident memory T cells (T-rm) are one of the critical cell types involved in this early detection and restriction of mucosal pathogens. Following tissue-specific infection or vaccination, T-rm lodge themselves within tissues and can perform rapid sensing and alarm functions to control local re-infections, in an effort that has been defined as important for restriction of a number of respiratory pathogens including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Despite this characterized importance, only minor attention has been paid to the importance of T-rm as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of T-rm with particular emphasis on respiratory infections, and to suggest the inclusion of T-rm elicitation as a benchmark for vaccine immunogenicity in animal models, and where possible, human samples.
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