4.4 Review

Advances in Biomass-Based Levulinic Acid Production

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
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Esterification of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate: optimization of process conditions using commercial levulinic acid and extension to the use of levulinic acid derived from depithed sugarcane bagasse

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Summary: The need for sustainable development requires extensive research on the use of renewable resources for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. This study optimized the esterification of commercial levulinic acid into ethyl levulinate using methanesulfonic acid as the catalyst. The researchers also investigated the effect of different catalysts, including methanesulfonic acid and ionic liquids, on the production of ethyl levulinate. Additionally, the selectivity of alkyl levulinate ester from levulinic acid conversion was studied.

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Summary: The use of alkyl levulinates in fuels is becoming increasingly popular, and n-butyl levulinate is preferred over ethyl levulinate. The traditional production method of n-butyl levulinate has some corrosion issues, so alcoholysis of fructose by butanol over cation exchange resins is considered a better alternative. However, the effects of water addition, solvent choice, swelling effect, and fructose solubility on this reaction are still unclear.
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Optimization of Levulinic Acid Production from Depithed Sugarcane Bagasse in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [EMim][HSO4]

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Summary: The study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for producing levulinic acid from depithed sugarcane bagasse using an ionic liquid. The analysis showed that temperature, reaction time, and ionic liquid loading had significant effects on the production of levulinic acid. Additionally, solvent optimization was found to play a crucial role in determining the yield of levulinic acid.

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Levulinic Acid Production from Macroalgae: Production and Promising Potential in Industry

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Summary: The study focused on the production of diphenolic acid (DPA) as a potential replacement for bisphenol A using levulinic acid (LA) as a starting material. Optimized reaction conditions were established to achieve a high DPA yield. Different catalysts were compared, with sulfuric acid being the most effective in producing DPA.

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Methanesulfonic acid-catalyzed conversion of glucose and xylose mixtures to levulinic acid and furfural

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