Related references
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Douglas M. Whiteside et al.
Summary: This study provides initial results on cognitive outcomes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), revealing correlations between cognition and mood/anxiety measures, but not with premorbid vascular risk factors, psychiatric diagnoses, or COVID-19 disease severity.
CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST
(2022)
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Xiaoyin Wang et al.
Summary: Hypoxia can lead to cognitive deficits under both acute and chronic conditions, with chronic hypoxia showing more severe sequelae possibly due to different molecular mechanisms. Various molecular mechanisms such as cardiorespiratory compensatory response, glycolysis, oxidative stress play pivotal roles in hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits.
METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE
(2022)
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Behavioral Sciences
Carmen Garcia-Sanchez et al.
Summary: Subjective cognitive complaints are reported in COVID-19 patients across different disease severities. This study found that attention abilities were widely affected in post-COVID patients with subjective complaints, and were associated with deficits in executive functions, learning, and long-term memory. These cognitive deficits were largely unrelated to clinical factors such as hospitalization and disease duration.
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
(2022)
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Medicine, General & Internal
D. Castanares-Zapatero et al.
Summary: After almost 2 years of fighting against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the number of patients experiencing persistent symptoms long after acute infection is concerning. This condition, known as long COVID or Post COVID-19 condition, has an unclear underlying pathophysiology. A comprehensive review was conducted to explore potential mechanisms for the persisting symptoms, such as organ damage, autonomic nervous system damage, immune dysregulation, auto-immunity, endothelial dysfunction, occult viral persistence, and coagulation activation.
ANNALS OF MEDICINE
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Clinical Neurology
Roberta Ferrucci et al.
Summary: Cognitive impairment can still be observed after 1 year of recovery from COVID-19, with processing speed and long-term visuospatial and verbal memory being the most affected domains. Lower PaO2/FiO(2) ratios in the acute phase are associated with worse verbal long-term memory and visuospatial learning at 5 months. Recovered patients should receive periodic cognitive follow-up evaluations.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Clinical Neurology
Jacques Hugon et al.
Summary: Long-lasting symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the brain, can disturb daily activities and delay complete recovery in COVID patients. Abnormal FDG PET findings in neurological long COVID cases may include hypometabolic regions of the cingulate cortex.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Clinical Neurology
Giordano Cecchetti et al.
Summary: This study explored cognitive, EEG, and MRI features in COVID-19 survivors up to 10 months after hospital discharge. The results showed that patients exhibited cognitive and psychopathological disturbances within 2 months after discharge, with executive dysfunctions correlating with acute-phase respiratory distress. Compared to healthy controls, patients showed abnormal EEG and MRI findings. Cognitive and EEG findings improved at the 10-month follow-up, while psychopathological symptoms persisted. Dysgeusia and hyposmia during the acute phase of COVID-19 were associated with increased vulnerability in memory functions over time.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Petter Brodin et al.
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Nida Ziauddeen et al.
Summary: Long Covid is a significant health concern with a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, chest tightness, shortness of breath, headache, and cognitive dysfunction. It can lead to decreased work and daily life abilities.
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Clinical Neurology
Stefano Giuseppe Grisanti et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the symptoms of patients with prior COVID-19 infection during the long-COVID phase and performed cluster analysis to identify different subtypes. The results identified two well-separated clusters with distinct symptoms and risk factors related to peripheral nervous system involvement. This research provides insights into neurological long-COVID and guides treatment interventions.
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
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Clinical Neurology
Marco Michelutti et al.
Summary: Long-COVID refers to persistent post-infectious symptoms lasting more than three months after the onset of acute COVID-19 symptoms. Neuro-Long-COVID is a cluster of neurological persisting symptoms. In our study of a large sample of Neuro-Long-COVID patients, we found a higher prevalence of the condition in females. Additionally, males displayed more severe acute symptoms compared to females.
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
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Heidi Ledford
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marta Rigoni et al.
Summary: This study conducted a 12-month follow-up on COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and found that some patients still experienced symptoms, such as dyspnea and neurological symptoms, after hospital discharge. This highlights the need for follow-up pathways for post-COVID-19 syndrome.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Vojka Lebar et al.
Summary: Research on the impact of COVID-19 on the female reproductive system is limited, with findings suggesting changes in menstrual volume and cycle length due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Parissa Feizi et al.
Summary: This article reports two rare neurological complications, multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), after COVID-19 infection. It also reviews other central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) associated with SARS-CoV-2, including optic neuritis (ON) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD).
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Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jasimuddin Ahamed et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals may suffer from a multi-organ disorder known as "long COVID" or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). The pathophysiology is unknown and there are no standard treatments available. Acute COVID-19 and PASC have different clinical characteristics, with acute COVID-19 being associated with systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability, and comorbidities, while these features are less prominent in PASC. The involvement of microvascular endotheliopathy and autoimmune responses in PASC is suggested, along with the reactivation of latent pathogens and microvascular thrombosis.
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Neurosciences
Lisa M. James et al.
Summary: Foreign antigens derived from viruses and bacteria can have long-term deleterious effects on the brain and other organs, depending on the host's immune system and HLA composition. The "Persistent Antigen hypothesis" proposes that persistent antigens contribute to chronic health conditions, including certain specific diseases.
NEUROSCIENCE INSIGHTS
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Sijia Zhao et al.
Summary: COVID-19 survivors may experience chronic cognitive changes, but most abilities recover within 6-9 months.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
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Psychiatry
Tracy D. Vannorsdall et al.
Summary: This study aimed to understand the cognitive and mental health outcomes of racially and ethnically diverse patients approximately four months after COVID-19 diagnosis. The results showed that patients requiring ICU stays had more widespread and severe cognitive impairment. A significant proportion of all patients experienced moderate symptoms of depression, anxiety, or functional decline.
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Clinical Neurology
Philippe Voruz et al.
Summary: Lack of awareness of cognitive impairment, specifically anosognosia, plays a key role in distinguishing between different phenotypes of post-COVID-19 conditions. The prevalence of anosognosia for memory impairment varies based on the severity of the infection. Anosognosic patients show different cognitive and psychiatric profiles compared to nosognosic patients, and there are differences in brain functional connectivity between the two groups.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
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Rehabilitation
Francesco Negrini et al.
Summary: The study found that some COVID-19 patients might experience global cognitive decay, which is linearly associated with the length of stay in the ICU. Therefore, neuropsychological rehabilitative treatments should be directed explicitly toward ICU patients, rather than every patient who experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19.
ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION
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Medicine, General & Internal
Marwa Kamal et al.
Summary: The study found that the majority of COVID-19 survivors experience post-viral symptoms, with fatigue being the most common, and some experiencing severe complications such as stroke and myocarditis. The presence of comorbidities prior to COVID-19 infection is related to the severity of post-COVID-19 manifestations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
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Neurosciences
Dmitri Bougakov et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, with impacts extending beyond respiratory system to multiple organs, including the brain. Infection can occur through axonal transport via the olfactory nerve and crossing of the blood-brain barrier, leading to various neurological symptoms and potential long-term cognitive impairments. Rigorous longitudinal follow-up and patient registries are needed to understand and address the long-term neurocognitive sequelae of COVID-19.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
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Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
E. Guedj et al.
Summary: In long COVID patients, brain PET scans showed significant hypometabolism in areas including bilateral rectal/orbital gyrus, temporal lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum. These metabolic abnormalities were associated with more functional complaints such as hyposmia/anosmia, memory/cognitive impairment, pain, and insomnia. The study suggests a potential biomarker value in identifying and monitoring long COVID patients, with implications for the impact of ACE drugs and nasal decongestant spray on brain metabolism.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING
(2021)
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Valerie Beaud et al.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY
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Neurosciences
Abhishek Jaywant et al.
Summary: Most COVID-19 patients who require acute rehabilitation prior to discharge exhibit cognitive impairment, with deficits commonly seen in working memory, set-shifting, divided attention, and processing speed. Interventions targeting attention and executive dysfunctions may be beneficial for this population.
NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Federica Alemanno et al.
Summary: Neurological, psychiatric, and psychological impairments are common complications of COVID-19. A study on the cognitive functions of patients in the sub-acute phase of the disease found that 80% of patients had neuropsychological deficits and 40% showed signs of mild-to-moderate depression. Cognitive impairments were correlated with patients' age, and a significant percentage of patients showed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder one month after discharge.
Article
Neurosciences
Roberta Ferrucci et al.
Summary: Cognitive abnormalities were frequently found in COVID-19 patients 5 months after hospital discharge, with some experiencing deficits in processing speed and verbal memory. Bivariate analysis indicated a positive correlation between factors like arterial oxygen partial pressure, fractional inspired oxygen ratio, and SpO2 levels during hospitalization, and verbal memory performance.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maxime Taquet et al.
Summary: This study investigated the incidence and co-occurrence of long-COVID features in COVID-19 survivors, with comparisons to influenza patients, using electronic health records data. The findings showed that long-COVID clinical features were more commonly reported after COVID-19 infection, and differences were associated with sex, age, and illness severity.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jonas A. Hosp et al.
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a prospective cohort study investigated neurological and cognitive symptoms in hospitalized patients, revealing that gustation and olfaction were commonly affected, along with cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in neuronal metabolism were associated with cognitive decline, highlighting the importance of neurological monitoring in COVID-19 patients.
Article
Rehabilitation
Bernhard Puchner et al.
Summary: Individuals discharged after severe COVID-19 often suffer from persistent physical and cognitive dysfunctions. Multi-disciplinary inpatient rehabilitation significantly improves lung function and physical performance. Further evaluations are needed to impact future treatment strategies.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE
(2021)
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Clinical Neurology
K. W. Miskowiak et al.
Summary: This study investigated the frequency, pattern, and severity of cognitive impairments in patients 3-4 months after COVID-19 hospital discharge, finding that a majority of patients had clinically significant cognitive impairment. These impairments were associated with subjective cognitive complaints, lower quality of life, and illness variables. Further research is needed to understand the associations between cognitive sequelae of COVID-19 and lung affection, cerebral oxygen delivery, and targeted treatments for persistent cognitive impairments.
EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
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Clinical Neurology
Flavia Mattioli et al.
Summary: The study aimed to investigate whether objective neurological or cognitive impairment could be detected in COVID-19 patients four months after infection. The results showed that most patients had normal neurological examination and cognitive evaluation, but anxiety, stress, and depression scores were significantly higher in COVID-19 cases compared to the non-COVID-19 group.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Cameron Spencer Olezene et al.
Summary: The study found that COVID-19 patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation exhibited deficits in mobility, cognition, speech, and swallowing upon admission, but showed significant improvements in these domains by discharge. However, a significant number of patients still had residual deficits at discharge, highlighting the post-acute care needs of this patient population.
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Clinical Neurology
Sergiu Albu et al.
Summary: This study characterized post-COVID-19 sequelae and persistent symptoms in patients undergoing outpatient rehabilitation, finding that the main reasons for referral were fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, and neurological sequelae. The impact of persistent symptoms on daily life activities and quality of life was high, indicating the need for rehabilitation regardless of acute infection severity.
NEUROREHABILITATION
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Medicine, General & Internal
Sarah E. Daugherty et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the excess risk and relative hazards for developing incident clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults aged 18-65. The results show that individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have a higher risk of developing new clinical sequelae after the acute phase compared to the control groups, with some sequelae more commonly seen in other viral illnesses.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
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Edith L. Graham et al.
Summary: This study investigated the neurologic manifestations in non-hospitalized Covid-19 long haulers, revealing prominent symptoms such as brain fog and fatigue which negatively affect their cognition and quality of life.
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY
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Medicine, General & Internal
Mayssam Nehme et al.
Summary: This study characterized symptoms 7 to 9 months after COVID-19 diagnosis.
39% of participants reported residual symptoms, with fatigue being the most common.
The findings contribute to recognition of long-term effects of COVID-19 and encourage long-term monitoring by physicians.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
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Medicine, General & Internal
Cesar Fernandez-de-las-Penas et al.
Summary: This meta-analysis revealed that more than 60% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced post-COVID-19 symptoms. Fatigue and dyspnea were the most prevalent post-COVID-19 symptoms, especially at 60 and >= 90 days after onset.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
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Jennifer A. Frontera et al.
Summary: Long-term outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, particularly those with neurological complications, showed impairments in daily living activities, cognition, anxiety, depression, and sleep. Patients with neurological complications had significantly worse functional outcomes compared to those without.
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Bjorn Blomberg et al.
Summary: An analysis of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections in Bergen, Norway, revealed that a high proportion of patients experienced long-term COVID symptoms at 6 months, even though they were relatively young and had only mild to moderate acute COVID-19 symptoms. This highlights the significance of infection control measures, such as vaccination.
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Sofie Bliddal et al.
Summary: Among non-hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients, one third were asymptomatic, while one third of symptomatic participants reported persistent symptoms. Risk factors for persistent symptoms included female sex and BMI.
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Harry Crook et al.
Summary: The long-term effects of covid-19 can affect multiple systems in the body, leading to persistent symptoms that impact patients of varying severity. These symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment, among others. Studies discuss risk factors for acute and long covid, as well as potential therapeutic options.
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Environmental Sciences
Davide Antonio Di Pietro et al.
Summary: Intensive Care Unit delirium, insomnia, anxiety, and frontal/dysexecutive disorders have been reported following COVID-19 infection. A case study aimed to re-evaluate the neuropsychological pattern in patients recovering from COVID-19. Subclinical cognitive alterations were found in 4% of patients, highlighting the importance of proper cognitive evaluation and rehabilitation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
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Clinical Neurology
Xiaonan Zhang et al.
Summary: The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test is a widely used neuropsychological assessment tool for evaluating the visuo-constructional ability and visual memory of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. ROCF can assess a patient's functional decline in multiple cognitive dimensions, including attention, fine motor coordination, visuospatial perception, non-verbal memory, planning and organization, and spatial orientation.
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Priyal Taribagil et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic and an unprecedented public health crisis, with recent literature suggesting the emergence of a new syndrome known as 'long COVID'. This syndrome encompasses a diverse set of symptoms that persist for at least 4 weeks after the onset of a diagnosed COVID-19 infection, including breathlessness, fatigue, cough, and potential neurological and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Hannah E. Davis et al.
Summary: Patients with Long COVID report prolonged, multisystem involvement and significant disability. By seven months, many patients have not yet recovered (mainly from systemic and neurological/cognitive symptoms), have not returned to previous levels of work, and continue to experience significant symptom burden.
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Francisco J. Carod-Artal
Summary: Post-COVID-19 syndrome refers to persistent and unexplained symptoms, predominantly characterized by fatigue and neurocognitive issues. Patients may experience various symptoms while or after suffering from COVID-19, lasting for over 12 weeks.
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Maxime Taquet et al.
Summary: Our study provides evidence of significant neurological and psychiatric morbidity in the 6 months following COVID-19 infection. The risks were highest in patients with severe COVID-19. This information could assist in service planning and research priority identification.
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