Low-strain binary hexacyanoferrate nanocuboids with concentration-gradient structure towards fast and durable energy storage

The exploration of low-strain and high-performance electrode is a crucial issue for aqueous potassium -ion battery (AKIB). Herein, a novel potassium mediated iron/manganese binary hexacyanoferrate nano-cuboid, i.e., KxFeyMn1-y[Fe(CN)6]center dot nH2O (KFeMnHCF) nanocuboid, with the concentration-gradient (CG) structure is designed as a high-performance cathode for AKIB. Internal the CG-KFeMnHCF nanocuboids, the manganese content gradually decreases from the interior to the surface and the iron content changes reverse, resulting in the concentration-gradient structure. Both experimental and finite element simula-tion (FEA) results demonstrate the lower internal stress and better mechanical characteristics of CG struc-tured nanocuboid than the homogenous structured one upon ion intercalation/deintercalation processes. Meanwhile, the electrochemical testing and theoretical calculation (DFT) results disclose the substitution of Fe to Mn in the KMnHCF crystal results in the enhanced electronic conductivity, potassium migration and electrochemical kinetics. Taken both advantages from the well-designed architecture and optimized crystal structure, the CG-KFeMnHCF achieves the superior rate capability and ultrahigh stability in aque-ous potassium ion system. In particular, the CG-KFe0.31Mn0.69HCF achieves the best comprehensive prop-erties among all the samples. The full AKIBs based on CG-KFe0.31Mn0.69HCF cathode achieves the high energy density (83 Wh kg-1), superior power density, high capacity retention (83%) over high-rate long-term cycles, good adaptation to a wide temperature range (-20 to 40 degrees C) and high reliability even under outside deformations. Therefore, this work not only provides a new clue to design the high-performance cathode, but also promotes the applications of AKIBs for diverse electronics and wide work-ing environments.(c) 2022 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

A novel potassium mediated iron/manganese binary hexacyanoferrate nano-cuboid with a concentration-gradient structure was designed as a high-performance cathode for aqueous potassium-ion battery (AKIB). The concentration-gradient structure exhibited lower internal stress and better mechanical characteristics, and the substitution of Fe with Mn enhanced electronic conductivity, potassium migration, and electrochemical kinetics. The CG-KFe0.31Mn0.69HCF achieved superior rate capability and ultrahigh stability in AKIBs, making it suitable for diverse electronics and working environments.