Journal
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936
Keywords
ROS; reactive oxygen species; ROS homeostasis; induced systemic response (ISR); biotic stress; endophytes
Categories
Funding
- laboratory << Soil Health >> of the Southern Federal University
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [075-15-2022-1122]
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Aerobic living generates ROS which play important roles in plant response to pathogenic stress. ROS act as signaling molecules at moderate concentrations to suppress pathogens, but excess ROS is detrimental to plants. Plants and endophytic microbes have mechanisms to maintain ROS homeostasis, with endophytes producing antioxidants and inducing plant machinery to scavenge ROS.
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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