Integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal the molecular mechanism underlying variation in floral scent during flower development of Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum

Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum (CIA) is an endemic plant that occurs only in the high mountain areas of the Shennongjia Forest District in China. The whole plant, in particular the flowers of CIA, have intense fragrance, making it a novel resource plant for agricultural, medicinal, and industrial applications. However, the volatile metabolite emissions in relation to CIA flower development and the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of floral scent remain poorly understood. Here, integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses were performed to investigate floral scent-related volatile compounds and genes in CIA flowers at three different developmental stages. A total of 370 volatile metabolites, mainly terpenoids and esters, were identified, of which 89 key differential metabolites exhibited variable emitting profiles during flower development. Transcriptome analysis further identified 8,945 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these samples derived from different flower developmental stages and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that 45, 93, and 101 candidate DEGs associated with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, esters, and terpenes, respectively. Interestingly, significant DEGs involved into the volatile terpenes are only present in the MEP and its downstream pathways, including those genes encoding ISPE, ISPG, FPPS, GPPS, GERD, ND and TPS14 enzymes. Further analysis showed that 20 transcription factors from MYB, bHLH, AP2/EFR, and WRKY families were potentially key regulators affecting the expressions of floral scent-related genes during the CIA flower development. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of plant floral scent metabolite biosynthesis and serve as an important data resources for molecular breeding and utilization of CIA plants in the future.

Automated summary

By analyzing the metabolome and transcriptome of Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum (CIA) flowers at different developmental stages, this study identified 370 volatile metabolites, mainly terpenoids and esters, and 8,945 differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis revealed candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, esters, and terpenes. The study also found that the expression of volatile terpene-related genes was regulated by specific transcription factors. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of floral scent metabolite biosynthesis and offer valuable data for molecular breeding and utilization of CIA plants in the future.