Journal
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
Volume 10, Issue 41, Pages 13835-13848Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04443
Keywords
metal-free; N-doped carbons; chitin; chitosan; shrimp shells; CO2 insertion; cyclic carbonates; continuous flow
Categories
Funding
- Ministrerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PID2021-126235OB-C32]
- Junta de Andalucia [UMA18-FEDERJA-126]
- FEDER funds
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In this study, metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts obtained from chitosan, chitin, and shrimp shell wastes were used for the synthesis of organic cyclic carbonates from CO2. The catalysts showed good stability and reusability, with ca. (75 +/- 3)% of the initial conversion achieved/retained after six recycles.
High anthropogenic CO2 emissions are among the main causes of climate change. Herein, we investigate the use of CO2 for the synthesis of organic cyclic carbonates on metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts obtained from chitosan, chitin, and shrimp shell wastes, both in batch and in continuous flow (CF). The catalysts were characterized by N-2 physisorption, CO2-temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and CNHS elemental analysis, and all reactivity tests were run in the absence of solvents. Under batch conditions, the catalyst obtained by calcination of chitin exhibited excellent performance in the conversion of epichlorohydrin (selected as a model epoxide), resulting in the corresponding cyclic carbonate with 96% selectivity at complete conversion, at 150 degrees C and 30 bar CO2, for 4 h. On the other hand, in a CF regime, a quantitative conversion and a carbonate selectivity >99% were achieved at 150 degrees C, by using the catalyst obtained from shrimp waste. Remarkably, the material displayed an outstanding stability over a reaction run time of 180 min. The robustness of the synthetized catalysts was confirmed by their good operational stability and reusability: ca. (75 +/- 3)% of the initial conversion was achieved/retained by all systems, after six recycles. Also, additional batch experiments proved that the catalysts were successful on different terminal and internal epoxides.
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