Gel-Forming Soil Conditioners of Combined Action: Laboratory Tests for Functionality and Stability

The research analyzes technological properties and stability of innovative gel-forming polymeric materials for complex soil conditioning. These materials combine improvements in the water retention, dispersity, hydraulic properties, anti-erosion and anti-pathogenic protection of the soil along with a high resistance to negative environmental factors (osmotic stress, compression in the pores, microbial biodegradation). Laboratory analysis was based on an original system of instrumental methods, new mathematical models, and the criteria and gradations of the quality of gels and their compositions with mineral soil substrates. The new materials have a technologically optimal degree of swelling (200-600 kg/kg in pure water and saline solutions with 1-3 g/L TDS), high values of surface energy (>130 kJ/kg), specific surface area (>600 m(2)/g), threshold of gel collapse (>80 mmol/L), half-life (>5 years), and a powerful fungicidal effect (EC50 biocides doses of 10-60 ppm). Due to these properties, the new gel-forming materials, in small doses of 0.1-0.3% increased the water retention and dispersity of sandy substrates to the level of loams, reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity 20-140 times, suppressed the evaporation 2-4 times, and formed a windproof soil crust (strength up to 100 kPa). These new methodological developments and recommendations are useful for the complex laboratory testing of hydrogels in small (5-10 g) soil samples.

Automated summary

The research examines the technological properties and stability of innovative gel-forming polymeric materials for complex soil conditioning. These materials possess improved water retention, dispersity, hydraulic properties, anti-erosion, and anti-pathogenic protection, along with resistance to negative environmental factors. Through laboratory analysis, the materials were found to have optimal swelling degree, high surface energy, specific surface area, threshold of gel collapse, half-life, and fungicidal effect. In small doses, the materials significantly enhanced water retention and dispersity, reduced hydraulic conductivity, suppressed evaporation, and formed a windproof soil crust.