The Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of the Chinese Cities' Ecological Welfare Performance

In the full world where natural capital is scarce, within the limits of the ecological environment, the improvement of welfare is a fundamental requirement for sustainable development. The ecological wellbeing performance (EWP) of 284 cities in China from 2007 to 2020 was measured by the superefficient SBM-DEA model, considering undesirable output, and analyzing the evolutionary trends of overall comprehensive technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency. The Theil index was used to explore the source and distribution of the Chinese cities' EWP differences. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and the spatial Durbin model (SDM) were applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and driving factors of cities' EWP. The results showed the following: (1) Regarding spatial and temporal distribution, the EWP of Chinese cities showed a fluctuating upward trend, in which pure technical efficiency > scale efficiency. (2) Considering regional differences, the differences in cities' EWP were mainly intraregional rather than interregional. The contribution rates of distinct regions to the differences in EWP varied, i.e., western region > eastern region > central region > northeastern region. (3) In terms of spatial correlation, China's EWP showed positive spatial correlation, i.e., high-high agglomeration and low-low agglomeration. (4) Concerning influencing factors, the level of financial development, the structure of secondary industries, the level of opening-up, and the degree of urbanization significantly improved EWP. Decentralization of fiscal revenue significantly inhibited improvement of EWP. Decentralization of fiscal expenditure and technological progress had no significant impact on the EWP. In the future, to improve cities' EWP, China should focus on reducing differences in intraregional EWP, overcoming administrative regional limitations, encouraging regions with similar locations to formulate coordinated development plans, promoting economic growth, reducing levels of environmental pollution, and paying attention to the improvement of social welfare.

Automated summary

In this study on the ecological wellbeing performance (EWP) of Chinese cities, the superefficient SBM-DEA model was used to measure the EWP of 284 cities from 2007 to 2020, and the spatial distribution and influencing factors of the performance were explored. The results showed that the EWP of Chinese cities exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, with higher pure technical efficiency than scale efficiency. The differences in EWP were mainly intra-regional rather than inter-regional, and were influenced by regional characteristics. Factors such as financial development, industry structure, openness level, and urbanization significantly impacted the EWP, while fiscal revenue decentralization inhibited its improvement.