Nickel-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic N-Acyl Imides with Alkyl Halides as a Strategy for Dialkyl Ketone Synthesis: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations

The development and in-depth study of a cross-electrophile coupling of alkyl N-acyl imides with alkyl halides relying on the combination of nickel catalysis and electrochemistry are described. This methodology takes advantages of the stability and simple access of N-acyl imides as coupling partners for the selective synthesis of dissymmetric dialkyl ketones. Noteworthy, the developed electrochemical protocol affords selective access to linear alkyl ketones when using primary alkyl bromides featuring different chain lengths. Mechanistic studies including cyclic voltammetry, stoichiometric reactions, and isolation of catalytic intermediates provide a set of fundamental insights into monovalent (bpy)nickel-mediated activation of alkyl halides and alkyl N-acyl imides. Alkyl bromides react with electrogenerated (bpy)Ni(I) species via single-electron oxidation to give alkyl radicals. N-Acyl imides are shown to undergo spontaneous C-N bond oxidative addition at both (bpy)Ni(0) and (bpy)Ni(I) species, leading to Ni(II) acyl intermediates. A stable nickel(II) acyl complex has also been isolated and fully characterized, and its catalytic competency is demonstrated. Finally, electrogenerated (bpy)Ni(I)-acyl species are shown to react with both alkyl bromide and alkyl N-acyl imides. Overall, these investigations allowed for a comprehensive mechanistic picture of this selective cross-electrophile coupling to be assembled.

Automated summary

This article describes the development and in-depth study of a cross-electrophile coupling of alkyl N-acyl imides with alkyl halides using nickel catalysis and electrochemistry. The method utilizes the stability and easy access of N-acyl imides to selectively synthesize dissymmetric dialkyl ketones. Mechanistic studies reveal the generation of alkyl radicals through single-electron oxidation of alkyl bromides by electrogenerated (bpy)Ni(I) species. The reaction of alkyl N-acyl imides with (bpy)Ni(0) and (bpy)Ni(I) species leads to Ni(II) acyl intermediates. A comprehensive mechanistic picture of this selective cross-electrophile coupling is achieved through these investigations.