Force-triggered rapid microstructure growth on hydrogel surface for on-demand functions

Living organisms are able to grow structures on their surface for specific applications. Here, the authors report on a force-triggered polymerisation mechanism of double-network hydrogels which allows for the growth of structures on polymer surfaces within seconds and demonstrate the creation of different functionalities. Living organisms share the ability to grow various microstructures on their surface to achieve functions. Here we present a force stamp method to grow microstructures on the surface of hydrogels based on a force-triggered polymerisation mechanism of double-network hydrogels. This method allows fast spatial modulation of the morphology and chemistry of the hydrogel surface within seconds for on-demand functions. We demonstrate the oriented growth of cells and directional transportation of water droplets on the engineered hydrogel surfaces. This force-triggered method to chemically engineer the hydrogel surfaces provides a new tool in addition to the conventional methods using light or heat, and will promote the wide application of hydrogels in various fields.

Automated summary

The authors report on a force-triggered polymerisation mechanism of double-network hydrogels, which allows for the growth of structures on polymer surfaces within seconds and demonstrates the creation of different functionalities. This force stamp method enables fast spatial modulation of the hydrogel surface, allowing for on-demand functions.