Supply, then demand? Health expenditure, political leanings, cost obstacles to care, and vaccine hesitancy predict state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates

Objectives: To examine predictors of state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates during the first nine months of 2021. Methods: Using publicly available data, we employ a robust, iteratively re-weighted least squares multi -variable regression with state characteristics as the independent variables and vaccinations per capita as the outcome. We run this regression for each day between February 1 and September 21, the last day before vaccine booster rollout. Results: We identify associations between vaccination rates and several state characteristics, including health expenditure, vaccine hesitancy, cost obstacles to care, Democratic voting, and elderly population share. We show that the determinants of vaccination rates have evolved: while supply-side factors were most clearly associated with early vaccination uptake, demand-side factors have become increasingly salient over time. We find that our results are generally robust to a range of alternative specifications. Conclusions: Both supply and demand-side factors relate to vaccination coverage and the determinants of success have changed over time. Policy Implications: Investing in health capacity may improve early vaccine distribution and administra-tion, while overcoming vaccine hesitancy and cost obstacles to care may be crucial for later immunisation campaign stages. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Automated summary

This study aims to examine predictors of state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates during the first nine months of 2021. The results show associations between vaccination rates and state characteristics such as health expenditure, vaccine hesitancy, cost obstacles to care, Democratic voting, and elderly population share. The determinants of vaccination rates have evolved over time, with supply-side factors being more important in the early stage and demand-side factors becoming increasingly salient later on.