The spike hypothesis in vaccine-induced adverse effects: questions and answers

Trougakos and colleagues recently discussed the role of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine-induced spike (S) protein in adverse effects following vaccination [1]. We would like hereafter to answer one of their outstanding questions requiring response to improve efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, and to propose an additional question along with its possible answer.

Automated summary

In this article, the authors discuss the role of spike protein induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in adverse effects following vaccination, and propose a question and its possible answer to improve the efficacy and safety of the vaccines.