Novel imaging methods and force probes for molecular mechanobiology of cytoskeleton and adhesion

Detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals is known as mechanotransduction. From cells to tissues, mechanotransduction regulates migration, proliferation, and differentiation in processes such as im-mune responses, development, and cancer progression. Mechanosensitive structures such as integrin adhesions, the actin cortex, ion channels, caveolae, and the nucleus sense and transmit forces. In vitro approaches showed that mechanosensing is based on force-dependent protein deformations and reorga-nizations. However, the mechanisms in cells remained unclear since cell imaging techniques lacked molecular resolution. Thanks to recent developments in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and molecular force sensors, it is possible to obtain molecular insight of mechanosensing in live cells. We discuss how understanding of molecular mechanotransduction was revolutionized by these innovative approaches, focusing on integrin adhesions, actin structures, and the plasma membrane.

Automated summary

Detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, known as mechanotransduction, play vital roles in regulating various cellular processes. Recent advancements in super-resolution microscopy and molecular force sensors have revolutionized the understanding of molecular mechanotransduction in live cells, particularly in integrin adhesions, actin structures, and the plasma membrane.