Journal
PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES
Volume 76, Issue 11, Pages 544-551Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13464
Keywords
adverse childhood experiences; life-course epidemiology; mental health; physical health
Categories
Funding
- JSPS [21119003, 16H03276, 17K19794, 19H04879, 21H04848, 21K18294]
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [H23-Seisaku-Ippan-005, H27-Sukoyaka-Ippan-001, H30-SukoyakaIppan-003, 21DA1004]
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This paper discusses the long-term effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on physical and mental health, including measurement and assessment methods of ACEs, possible mechanisms of how ACEs affect health, and future directions for prevention and treatment of ACEs' impact on health.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have long-term effects on physical and mental health, not only in the US, but also other countries, including Japan. In this paper, measurement of assessment of ACEs has been discussed, that is, concept (what is ACEs), inquiry (how to ask about ACEs), scoring (how to count the number of ACEs), and prevalence (how many ACEs do we have). In addition, a possible mechanism on how ACEs affect health was summarized from a life-course perspective, using the critical/sensitive period model, pathway model, and cumulative model with recent evidence on neurological findings. Intergenerational transmission, that is, maternal ACEs affecting the health of the offspring was also reviewed. Finally, future directions on how to prevent and remedy the impact of ACEs on health was discussed.
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