Journal
PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 176, Issue -, Pages 52-66Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.10.002
Keywords
Atomic force microscopy (AFM); Bone; Surface morphology; Mechanical properties; Sub-resonance tapping
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation
- Center of Biodevices at Penn State University through the Grace Woodward Award
- [DMR-2144614]
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This review discusses the effects of bone remodeling activities on the structures and properties of bone, and introduces the application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique in bone research. The AFM technique is used for surface morphology imaging, contact indentation testing, and other mechanical tests of bone. The review also covers the application of sub-resonance tapping mode in biological molecules, cells, and tissues.
Bone consists of organic (mostly collagen) and inorganic (mostly bioapatite mineral) components that are organized into hierarchical structures from nano-to macro-scales that provide load-bearing functions. The structures and properties of bone are affected by bone remodeling activities, which are affected by mechano-transduction, a process through which mechanical signals are converted to biochemical signals in cellular signaling. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique can be used to characterize the surface morphology and mechanical properties of the specimens and can achieve atomic resolution in the resulting images. Therefore, the AFM technique has been applied in bone research and has provided new understandings of the structures and properties of hierarchical structures in bone across multiple length scales. This review begins by introducing the tip-surface interactions and the operation modes of AFM, including the recently developed sub-resonance modes, including PeakForce Tapping mode. Then the contact adhesion theories used in analyzing AFM data are reviewed, followed by a systematic review of the applications of the AFM technique to bone and bone-related tissues and cells, including surface morphology imaging, contact indentation testing, and other mechanical tests. The applications of sub-resonance tapping mode to bone and other biological molecules, cells, and tissues are also reviewed.
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