Journal
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Volume 169, Issue -, Pages 177-185Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.11.001
Keywords
Hydrothermal carbonisation; Magnetic hydrochar; Paunch waste; Sustainability; Techno-economic analysis
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This article mainly introduces a novel approach of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), which aims to enhance the quality and utilisation of products. Magnetite nanoparticles were found on the surface of hydrochar, and magnetic hydrochar showed a strong adsorption capacity. It was estimated that the HTC plant could operate in an energy-neutral mode with a net present value of US$13.04 MM for 30 years.
The conventional hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) is mainly tied to the high capital investment of the reactor and low product quality. In a novel approach, the rapid subcritical HTC of paunch waste (at 240 C for only 5 min) was proposed to enhance the quality of products and their utilisation via in-situ production of magnetic hydrochar. Magnetite nanoparticles were found on the surface of hydrochar with size of 10-20 nm and crystal lattice spacing of 0.25 nm, XRD characteristic peaks of magnetite, and strong FTIR peak at 580 cm -1 assigned to Fe-O stretching in the crystalline lattice of magnetite. Magnetic hydrochar could adsorb Congo Red at a capacity of 59.9 mg g-1. An organic-rich process water with a high COD of 43 g L-1 was co-generated along with magnetic hydrochar and assumed to be anaerobically digested. The estimated theoretical methane yield was found suf-ficient to run the HTC plant in an energy-neutral mode. After developing a process model in Aspen plus, the discounted cash flow analysis revealed a net present value of US$13.04 MM for 30 years of operation, which can increase to $34.79 MM if the iron precursors are sourced from locally available iron-rich sludge.
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