Electrical signaling in cochlear efferents is driven by an intrinsic neuronal oscillator

Efferent neurons are believed to play essential roles in maintaining auditory function. The lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons-which project from the brainstem to the inner ear, where they release multiple transmitters including peptides, catecholamines, and acetylcholine-are the most numerous yet least understood elements of efferent control of the cochlea. Using in vitro calcium imaging and patch-clamp recordings, we found that LOC neurons in juvenile and young adult mice exhibited extremely slow waves of activity (similar to 0.1 Hz). These seconds-long bursts of Na+ spikes were driven by an intrinsic oscillator dependent on L-type Ca2+ channels and were not observed in prehearing mice, suggesting an age-dependent mechanism underlying the intrinsic oscillator. Using optogenetic approaches, we identified both ascending (T-stellate cells of the cochlear nucleus) and descending (auditory cortex) sources of synaptic excitation, as well as the synaptic receptors used for such excitation. Additionally, we identified potent inhibition originating in the glycinergic medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB). Conductance-clamp experiments revealed an unusual mechanism of electrical signaling in LOC neurons, in which synaptic excitation and inhibition served to switch on and off the intrinsically generated spike burst mechanism, allowing for prolonged periods of activity or silence controlled by brief synaptic events. Protracted bursts of action potentials may be essential for effective exocytosis of the diverse transmitters released by LOC fibers in the cochlea.

Automated summary

Efferent neurons, specifically the lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons, play vital roles in maintaining auditory function. Through in vitro experiments, it was discovered that LOC neurons in juvenile and young adult mice exhibited extremely slow waves of activity driven by an intrinsic oscillator dependent on L-type Ca2+ channels. Additionally, optogenetic approaches helped identify both ascending and descending sources of synaptic excitation, as well as the synaptic receptors involved. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of diverse transmitter release by LOC fibers in the cochlea.