Raman-induced spin-orbit-coupled and spin-tensor-momentum-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap

In a spin-1 spinor BEC, spin-orbit coupling or spin-tensor-momentum coupling can be experimentally implemented by Raman lasers induced transitions. We study ground states of a spin-1 BEC with these two experimentally realizable Raman-induced couplings in the presence of a toroidal trap. The similarity and difference of ground states between these two couplings are addressed. The spin-flip symmetries and the toroidal trap together make the density of ground states feature two lobes. The effect of quadratic Zeeman shift and the detuning on ground states is discussed based on the single-particle dispersion relation. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

In this paper, we study the ground states of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with spin-orbit coupling and spin-tensor-momentum coupling, which can be experimentally implemented by Raman lasers induced transitions. We investigate the similarities and differences between these two experimentally realizable couplings, as well as the effects of spin-flip symmetries and the toroidal trap on the density of ground states. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of quadratic Zeeman shift and detuning on the ground states based on the single-particle dispersion relation.