Wind waves in sea ice of the western Arctic and a global coupled wave-ice model

The retreat of Arctic sea ice is enabling increased ocean wave activity at the sea ice edge, yet the interactions between surface waves and sea ice are not fully understood. Here, we examine in situ observations of wave spectra spanning 2012-2021 in the western Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ). Swells exceeding 30 cm are rarely observed beyond 100 km inside the MIZ. However, local wind waves are observed in patches of open water amid partial ice cover during the summer. These local waves remain fetch-limited between ice floes with heights less than 1 m. To investigate these waves at climate scales, we conduct experiments varying wave attenuation and generation in ice with a global model including coupled interactions between waves and sea ice. A weak high-frequency attenuation rate is required to simulate the local waves in observations. The choices of attenuation scheme and wind input in ice have a remarkable impact on the extent of wave activity across ice-covered oceans, particularly in the Antarctic. As well as demonstrating the need for stronger constraints on wave attenuation, our results suggest that further attention should be directed towards locally generated wind waves and their role in sea ice evolution.This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.

Automated summary

The retreat of Arctic sea ice has led to increased ocean wave activity, but the interactions between surface waves and sea ice are still not fully understood. In this study, in-situ observations and global model simulations were used to investigate wave activity in the western Arctic marginal ice zone. The results indicate limited locally generated wind waves in the ice-covered regions, and the choice of wave attenuation scheme and wind input significantly affect the extent of wave activity over ice-covered oceans. The findings emphasize the need for stronger constraints on wave attenuation and suggest further research on locally generated wind waves and their role in sea ice evolution.