Journal
OPTICS EXPRESS
Volume 30, Issue 21, Pages 39162-39174Publisher
Optica Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1364/OE.473098
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Funding
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation (Beckman Young Investigator Program)
- U.S. Department of Defense (National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship)
- University of Chicago
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This paper presents an interferometric design for a phase-sensitive electronic sum frequency generation (e-SFG) spectrometer in the time domain with lock-in detection. It achieves direct measurement of the phase between SFG and local oscillator fields through continuous phase modulation, and offers unprecedented stability by correcting errors in the path length difference caused by drifts in the optics.
Heterodyne detection is a ubiquitous tool in spectroscopy for the simultaneous detection of intensity and phase of light. However, the need for phase stability hinders the application of heterodyne detection to electronic spectroscopy. We present an interferometric design for a phase-sensitive electronic sum frequency generation (e-SFG) spectrometer in the time domain with lock-in detection. Our method of continuous phase modulation of one arm of the interferometer affords direct measurement of the phase between SFG and local oscillator fields. Errors in the path length difference caused by drifts in the optics are corrected, offering unprecedented stability. This spectrometer has the added advantage of collinear fundamental beams. The capabilities of the spectrometer are demonstrated with proof-of-principle experiments with GaAs e-SFG spectra, where we see significantly improved signal to noise ratio, spectral accuracy, and lineshapes.
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