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Ryan Ruiyang Ling et al.
Summary: The overall risk of myopericarditis after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine is low, but younger males have an increased incidence of myopericarditis, especially after receiving mRNA vaccines. However, the risks of such rare adverse events should be balanced against the risks of COVID-19 infection (including myopericarditis).
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Jennifer M. Polinski et al.
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Oliver J. Watson et al.
Summary: A study quantified the global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination programs, finding that the vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. However, inadequate access to vaccines in low-income countries has limited the impact, reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage.
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Yunlong Cao et al.
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Nicole P. Hachmann et al.
Summary: A small study found that omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 of SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to evade neutralizing antibodies induced by both vaccination and previous infection compared to the prior omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2.
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C. Sabrina Tan et al.
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Yair Goldberg et al.
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Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: The identification of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Botswana in November 2021 sparked concern due to the spike protein alterations that could potentially evade antibodies. Further studies showed that the Omicron sublineages, BA.1+R346K and BA.2, are antigenically similar to the wild-type virus and pose similar risks to the effectiveness of current vaccines. BA.2 also demonstrated resistance to many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the challenges in developing effective therapeutic options.
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Radhika Gharpure et al.
Summary: During July 2021, a multistate investigation was conducted after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.617.2 variant infections, including vaccine breakthrough infections, occurred following large public gatherings in Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA. The investigation revealed that large gatherings can have widespread effects on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and even fully vaccinated individuals should take precautions to prevent transmission.
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Oliver J. Watson et al.
Summary: The study estimated that COVID-19 vaccination has prevented millions of deaths globally between December 8, 2020, and December 8, 2021. Achieving the vaccination coverage targets set by COVAX and WHO could have prevented even more deaths. However, limited access to vaccines in low-income countries has hindered the impact, highlighting the importance of global vaccine equity.
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Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.
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Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Alicia T. Widge et al.
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Jennifer M. Dan et al.
Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.
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Medicine, General & Internal
Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
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Medicine, General & Internal
Guy Witberg et al.
Summary: Among 2.5 million patients who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a large Israeli health care system, the incidence of myocarditis at 42 days was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons, with the highest incidence (10.69 per 100,000 persons) among male patients between the ages of 16 and 29 years. Most cases of myocarditis were mild or moderate.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.
Summary: The kinetics of immune response to Covid-19 vaccines were studied, showing varying peak levels and durations of response for different vaccines. However, the response levels correlating with protection have not been defined yet.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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D. Mevorach et al.
Summary: The incidence of myocarditis increased after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine in Israel, particularly after the second dose among young male recipients. The clinical presentation of myocarditis after vaccination was usually mild.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
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Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
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Brian J. Boyarsky et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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Isaac See et al.
Summary: Cases of CVST with thrombocytopenia following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination have been reported in the US, leading to serious outcomes. This case series may provide guidance for clinical management and further investigation into the potential relationship between Ad26.COV2.S vaccine and CVST with thrombocytopenia.
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Nina H. Schultz et al.
Summary: This study reports five cases of venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia occurring 7 to 10 days after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, suggesting a rare vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. The condition, which can lead to catastrophic outcomes such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, may be treated with intravenous immune globulin.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Nicole Doria-Rose et al.
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Swathi Sangli et al.
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Nicola P. Klein et al.
Summary: This study conducted interim analysis of safety surveillance data of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and found that the incidence of selected serious outcomes within 1-21 days post-vaccination was not significantly higher compared with 22-42 days post-vaccination. Surveillance is ongoing despite wide confidence intervals for many outcomes.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.
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Galit Alter et al.
Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Erin M. Bange et al.
Summary: In patients with cancer and COVID-19, those with hematologic cancer show impaired immune responses compared to solid cancer patients. CD8 T cells play a crucial role in survival, even in the presence of limited humoral responses. The presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in hematologic cancer patients suggests a potential therapeutic target.
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Amanda K. Verma et al.
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Sue Pavord et al.
Summary: Phenotypes of VITT were defined in 220 patients in the United Kingdom who presented a median of 14 days after the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Half had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a third of whom also had intracranial hemorrhage. Mortality was 22%. Intravenous immune globulin may reverse VITT.
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Kizzmekia S. Corbett et al.
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