Neurotoxicity and the Global Worst Pollutants: Astroglial Involvement in Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury Intoxication

Environmental pollution is a global threat and represents a strong risk factor for human health. It is estimated that pollution causes about 9 million premature deaths every year. Pollutants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system are of special concern, because of their potential to cause neurological and development disorders. Arsenic, lead and mercury are usually ranked as the top three in priority lists of regulatory agencies. Against xenobiotics, astrocytes are recognised as the first line of defence in the CNS, being involved in virtually all brain functions, contributing to homeostasis maintenance. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the astroglial involvement in the neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants. Beginning by the main toxicokinetic characteristics, this review also highlights the several astrocytic mechanisms affected by these pollutants, involving redox system, neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism, and cytokine production/release, among others. Understanding how these alterations lead to neurological disturbances (including impaired memory, deficits in executive functions, and motor and visual disfunctions), by revisiting the current knowledge is essential for future research and development of therapies and prevention strategies.

Automated summary

Environmental pollution is a global threat that poses a strong risk to human health. Certain pollutants have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system, potentially causing neurological disorders. Arsenic, lead, and mercury are commonly prioritized pollutants by regulatory agencies. Astrocytes, as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, play a crucial role in combating xenobiotics and maintaining brain functions. This review discusses the current understanding of astroglial involvement in neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants, focusing on their toxicokinetic characteristics and the impact on various astrocytic mechanisms.