Journal
NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS
Volume 35, Issue 5, Pages 3853-3863Publisher
SPRINGER LONDON LTD
DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-07903-0
Keywords
Cyber-physical systems; Cybersecurity; Few-shot learning; Deep learning; Online learning; Fault diagnosis; Cyber-attacks
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This paper proposes a modeling scheme for cyber physical systems operating in non-stationary, small data environments using the few-shot learning paradigm. It introduces a change detection mechanism and evaluates the efficacy of the proposed method through experiments. The paper also addresses the interpretability of AI predictions.
This paper proposes a modeling scheme for cyber physical systems operating in non-stationary, small data environments. Unlike the traditional modeling logic, we introduce the few-shot learning paradigm, the operation of which is based on quantifying both similarities and dissimilarities. As such, we designed a suitable change detection mechanism able to reveal previously unknown operational states, which are incorporated in the dictionary online. We elaborate on spectrograms extracted from high-resolution ultrasound depth sensor timeseries, while the backbone of the proposed method is a Siamese Neural Network. The experimental scenario considers data representing liquid containers for fuel/water when the following five operational states are present: normal, accident, breakdown, sabotage, and cyber-attack. Thorough experiments were carried out assessing every aspect of the present framework and demonstrating its efficacy even when very few samples per class are available. In addition, we propose a probabilistic data selection scheme facilitating one-shot learning. Last but not least, responding to the wide requirement for interpretable AI, we explain the obtained predictions by examining the layer-wise activation maps.
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