Journal
NANO RESEARCH
Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 692-714Publisher
TSINGHUA UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4836-y
Keywords
deep tissue penetration; microscopy; near-infrared II imaging; fluorophore
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This review provides a summary and description of existing methods to increase penetration depth, biological microscopy techniques, MR-II spectral windows, and fluorophores. Strategies to improve bioimaging performance and NIR-II imaging applications are introduced.
Fluorescence imaging has become an essential tool in biomedical research. However, non-invasive deep-tissue three-dimensional optical in vivo imaging with the high spatiotemporal resolution is challenging due to the interaction between photons and tissues. Beam shaping has been used to tailor microscopy techniques to enhance microscope performance. The near-infrared window (NIR) between 700 and 1,700 nm, generally emphasized as the MR-II (1,000-1,700 nm) window, has been developed into a promising bio-optical solution chosen as the lower interaction effect in this spectrum, showing potential in basic biological research and clinical application. In this review, we summarize the existing methods to increase penetration depth and extensively describe biological microscopy techniques, MR-II spectral windows, and fluorophores. Strategies to improve bioimaging performance and NIR-II imaging applications are introduced. Based on the current research achievements, we elucidate the main challenges and provide some recommendations and prospects for deep tissue penetration fluorescence for future biomedical applications.
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