The Galactic underworld: the spatial distribution of compact remnants

We chart the expected Galactic distribution of neutron stars and black holes. These compact remnants of dead stars - the Galactic underworld - are found to exhibit a fundamentally different distribution and structure to the visible Galaxy. Compared to the visible Galaxy, concentration into a thin flattened disc structure is much less evident with the scale height more than tripling to 1260 +/- 30 pc. This difference arises from two primary causes. First, the distribution is in part inherited from the integration over the evolving structure of the Galaxy itself (and hence the changing distribution of the parent stars). Secondly, an even larger effect arises from the natal kick received by the remnant at the event of its supernova birth. Due to this kick we find 30 per cent of remnants have sufficient kinetic energy to entirely escape the Galactic potential (40 per cent of neutron stars and 2 per cent of black holes) leading to a Galactic mass-loss integrated to the present day of similar to 0.4 per cent of the stellar mass of the Galaxy. The black hole - neutron star fraction increases near the Galactic centre: a consequence of smaller kick velocities in the former. Our simulated remnant distribution yields probable distances of 19 and 21 pc to the nearest neutron star and black hole, respectively, while our nearest probable magnetar lies at 4.2 kpc. Although the underworld only contains of order similar to 1 per cent of the Galaxy's mass, observational signatures and physical traces of its population, such as microlensing, will become increasingly present in data ranging from gravitational wave detectors to high precision surveys from space missions such as Gaia.

Automated summary

This article discusses the expected distribution of neutron stars and black holes in the Milky Way galaxy, highlighting their fundamental differences from the visible galaxy. The distribution is influenced by the evolving structure of the galaxy itself and the natal kick received by the remnants during their supernova birth. The findings have implications for understanding the evolution of the galaxy and for observing the characteristics of neutron stars and black holes.