Key Insights into the Differences between Bimodal Crystallization Kinetics of Polyamide 66 and Polyamide 6

Polyamide 66 (PA66) and polyamide 6 (PA6) share many comparable properties due to their similar chemical structures. However, their crystallization kinetics and morphological differences are not as well understood as other properties. This work establishes the crystallization kinetics and morphology of additive-free PA66 and PA6 at high undercooling conditions using a modified fast scanning calorimetry technique. Two polyamides show similar kinetics profile and morphology, but the transitions associated with polymorphs occur at different temperatures. Regarding kinetics, PA66 always crystallizes faster than PA6 regardless of the polymorphs formed, supported by the temperature-dependent Avrami kinetics coefficients k. Both PA66 and PA6 show a bimodal kinetics profile with a local crystallization rate minimum at 135 and 110 degrees C, respectively. Apart from the crystallization rate, a sudden broadening of the exothermic crystallization peak is found near the rate minimum. The broadening is described by a drastic change of the Avrami index n from 3 to 2. The morphology at the micro- and nanoscales of polyamides was followed by a polarized optical microscope (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The POM reveals that both polyamides turn translucent from transparent near the rate minimum. The temperature-dependent AFM micrographs show multistep transitions from amorphous-like morphology, cauliflower-like crystal, crystal aggregates, and lamellar structure after Tc changes from near Tg to above the kinetics break temperature. Although two polyamides have similar molecular weight and the same content of amide groups, the morphological transition in PA66 is found to always be 20 degrees C higher than in PA6, suggesting a difference in their thermodynamic drive to nucleate. The conclusions drawn from the Avrami analysis in the final part of this study provide a universal explanation of the drastic peak broadening observed in many previously studied thermoplastics.

Automated summary

This study investigates the crystallization kinetics and morphology of polyamide 66 (PA66) and polyamide 6 (PA6) under high undercooling conditions. The results show that PA66 always crystallizes faster than PA6 and both polyamides exhibit a bimodal kinetics profile. The morphology of the polyamides undergoes several transitions, with PA66 showing a higher transition temperature compared to PA6. This study provides a universal explanation for the broadening of the crystallization peak observed in thermoplastics.