The interplay between environmental and magmatic conditions in eruption style transitions within a fissure-aligned monogenetic volcanic system of Auckland, New Zealand

Recent conceptual geological frameworks of continental monogenetic volcanism highlight that the small magma volume eruptions, resulting volcanic geology and edifice architecture in such settings are sensitive to variations in external or environmental conditions. These conditions, along with fluctuations in magma flux, can change rapidly over short time frames and cause dramatic changes in eruption style. Understanding the drivers of transitions in explosive to effusive behaviour within the short timescales of eruptions at individual volcanic centres is essential to accurately assess volcanic hazards in continental monogenetic settings. Wiri Mountain Volcanic Complex is one of the largest and most complex volcanic centres in the active Auckland Volcanic Field. Despite the significant removal of much of the original volcanic deposits, present-day exposures and historical images provide a unique opportunity to examine the growth and evolution of the volcanic complex. Wiri Mountain deposited an initial basal tuff ring (covering an area of approximately 0.67 km2) by predominantly pyroclastic density currents, followed by at least two smaller tuff rings erupted through the outer flanks of the first, in a transition from phreatomagmatic to Strombolian eruptive style. A 90 m high central scoria cone was then produced within the initial tuff ring, partially capped by lava spatter, clastogenic lava flows and lava flows that mostly covered all tuff rings, the scoria cone, and the surrounding area. A high-resolution stratigraphic study of the well-exposed tuff ring to capping magmatic succession was conducted to determine the changes in eruptive style and their driving forces. The deposit architecture of Wiri Mountain can be described using three volcanic stratigraphic units: a basal unit comprised of tuff, lapilli tuff and tuff breccia deposits, a middle unit comprised of juvenile-rich transitional tuff deposits of black scoria ash and lapilli, red scoria and spatter, and a capping unit comprised of agglutinate and lava flow successions. Most volcanic materials were either fragmented and ejected at near-optimal scaled depth, or the transition between near-optimal and shallower/deeper depths. Wiri Mountain provides a striking example of a fissure eruption likely controlled by a pre-existing tectonic fault that was fed by relatively stable melt sources over a sustained period. We infer that despite eruption within a watersaturated coastal plain, the initial phreatomagmatic phase was overridden by subsequent explosive and effusive magmatic phases through the formation of an increasingly established conduit, thus allowing sustained magma flux and melt supply. The transitions, both gradual and rapid, from an initial phreatomagmatic to subsequent magmatic explosive and effusive phases fit well to the general understanding of eruption style changes over time from other larger and more complex volcanoes of Auckland, and elsewhere worldwide. Wiri Mountain showcases the fine balance between the external and internal conditions that control eruption style variations and govern the formation of complex monogenetic volcanoes.

Automated summary

Recent conceptual geological frameworks emphasize that the small volume eruptions, resulting volcanic geology and architecture in continental monogenetic volcanism are sensitive to variations in external or environmental conditions. Understanding the drivers of transitions in explosive to effusive behavior within the short timescales of eruptions is essential to accurately assess volcanic hazards. Wiri Mountain Volcanic Complex in the active Auckland Volcanic Field provides a unique opportunity to study the growth and evolution of a volcanic complex. A high-resolution stratigraphic study was conducted to determine changes in eruptive style and their driving forces. The findings highlight the importance of both external and internal conditions in controlling eruption style variations and the formation of complex monogenetic volcanoes.