Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS
Volume 55, Issue 46, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac8da0
Keywords
magneto-optics; magnetic characterization methods; magneto-optical effects; magnetic materials; modern experimental methods; theoretical description and modelling; magnetic microscopy
Categories
Funding
- DFG [TRR227, SH498/4-1]
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PID2019-109905GA-C22]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [282193534]
- Czech Science Foundation [1913310S]
- OP VVV project MATFUN [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000487]
- German Science Foundation [DFG MC9/9]
- Collaborative Research Centre [SFB 1261]
- Italian Ministery of University and Research through the PRIN-2020 project entitled 'The Italian factory of micromagnetic modeling and spintronics' [2020LWPKH7]
- NCCR QSIT
- Swiss National Science Foundation [200020_200465]
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Programme [CEX2020-001038-M]
- MICINN/FEDER [RTI2018-094881-B-100]
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-15-CE24-0032-PPMI-NANO]
- Russian Science Foundation [21-72-20048]
- Russian Foundation of Basic Research [RFBR 20-07-00466]
- Luxembourg National Research Fund [C19/MS/13624497]
- European Union [FETOPEN-01-2018-20192020, 964363]
- Swedish Research Council [2021-05784]
- Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Megagrant Project [075-15-2022-1108]
- Max Planck Society Lise Meitner Excellence Program
- Spanish AEI [PID2019-220 104604RB/AEI/10.13039/501100011033]
- French ANR [ANR-10-LABX-0039 -PALM, ANR-11EQPX0005 -ATTOLAB, ANR-21-CE30-0037 HELIMAG]
- Scientific Cooperation Foundation of ParisSaclay University through the funding of the OPT2X research project (Lidex 2014)
- Ile-de-France region through the Pulse-X project
- European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme [EU-H2020LASERLAB-EUROPE-654148]
- Swiss SNSF [P2ELP2_181877]
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-21-1-0125]
- ARO MURI [W911NF2020166]
- NSF [DMR-1905519]
- Institute for Quantum Matter, an EFRC - DOE BES [DE-SC0019331]
- National Science Foundation [DMR 1808715, OIA-2044049]
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research Awards [FA9550-18-1-0360, FA9550-19S-0003, FA9550-21-1-0259]
- Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Foundation
- University of Nebraska Foundation
- J A Woollam Foundation
- Swedish Research Council VR Award [2016-00889]
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Grant [RIF14-055, EM16-0024]
- Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems VINNOVA under the Competence Center Program [2016-05190]
- Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University, Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU [2009-00971]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51920105002]
- National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars [52125309]
- Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program [2017ZT07C341]
- Shenzhen Basic Research Project [JCYJ20190809180605522, WDZC20200819095319002]
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [EM16-0024] Funding Source: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)
- Swedish Research Council [2021-05784] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [P2ELP2_181877, 200020_200465] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
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This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments, advances, and emerging research directions in the field of magneto-optics. It covers various applications of magneto-optical effects in different materials and spectral ranges. It serves as an important reference for emerging research directions in modern magneto-optics.
Magneto-optical (MO) effects, viz. magnetically induced changes in light intensity or polarization upon reflection from or transmission through a magnetic sample, were discovered over a century and a half ago. Initially they played a crucially relevant role in unveiling the fundamentals of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. A more broad-based relevance and wide-spread use of MO methods, however, remained quite limited until the 1960s due to a lack of suitable, reliable and easy-to-operate light sources. The advent of Laser technology and the availability of other novel light sources led to an enormous expansion of MO measurement techniques and applications that continues to this day (see section 1). The here-assembled roadmap article is intended to provide a meaningful survey over many of the most relevant recent developments, advances, and emerging research directions in a rather condensed form, so that readers can easily access a significant overview about this very dynamic research field. While light source technology and other experimental developments were crucial in the establishment of today's magneto-optics, progress also relies on an ever-increasing theoretical understanding of MO effects from a quantum mechanical perspective (see section 2), as well as using electromagnetic theory and modelling approaches (see section 3) to enable quantitatively reliable predictions for ever more complex materials, metamaterials, and device geometries. The latest advances in established MO methodologies and especially the utilization of the MO Kerr effect (MOKE) are presented in sections 4 (MOKE spectroscopy), 5 (higher order MOKE effects), 6 (MOKE microscopy), 8 (high sensitivity MOKE), 9 (generalized MO ellipsometry), and 20 (Cotton-Mouton effect in two-dimensional materials). In addition, MO effects are now being investigated and utilized in spectral ranges, to which they originally seemed completely foreign, as those of synchrotron radiation x-rays (see section 14 on three-dimensional magnetic characterization and section 16 on light beams carrying orbital angular momentum) and, very recently, the terahertz (THz) regime (see section 18 on THz MOKE and section 19 on THz ellipsometry for electron paramagnetic resonance detection). Magneto-optics also demonstrates its strength in a unique way when combined with femtosecond laser pulses (see section 10 on ultrafast MOKE and section 15 on magneto-optics using x-ray free electron lasers), facilitating the very active field of time-resolved MO spectroscopy that enables investigations of phenomena like spin relaxation of non-equilibrium photoexcited carriers, transient modifications of ferromagnetic order, and photo-induced dynamic phase transitions, to name a few. Recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology, which is intimately linked to the achieved impressive ability to reliably fabricate materials and functional structures at the nanoscale, now enables the exploitation of strongly enhanced MO effects induced by light-matter interaction at the nanoscale (see section 12 on magnetoplasmonics and section 13 on MO metasurfaces). MO effects are also at the very heart of powerful magnetic characterization techniques like Brillouin light scattering and time-resolved pump-probe measurements for the study of spin waves (see section 7), their interactions with acoustic waves (see section 11), and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensing applications based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond (see section 17). Despite our best attempt to represent the field of magneto-optics accurately and do justice to all its novel developments and its diversity, the research area is so extensive and active that there remains great latitude in deciding what to include in an article of this sort, which in turn means that some areas might not be adequately represented here. However, we feel that the 20 sections that form this 2022 magneto-optics roadmap article, each written by experts in the field and addressing a specific subject on only two pages, provide an accurate snapshot of where this research field stands today. Correspondingly, it should act as a valuable reference point and guideline for emerging research directions in modern magneto-optics, as well as illustrate the directions this research field might take in the foreseeable future.
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