Journal
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
Volume 221, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115003
Keywords
Carcinogens; Gas chromatography; Headspace-solid phase microextraction; Mass spectrometry; Nitrosamines; Optimization
Categories
Funding
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Probable carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), have been detected in various pharmaceuticals in recent years. This study presents a gas chromatograph tandem mass (GC-MS/MS) method, using the headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) sampling mode, for monitoring 14 nitrosamines in 44 pharmaceuticals. The optimized HS-SPME conditions achieved a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 μg/g for nitrosamines in pharmaceutical matrices.
The probable carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), have been detected from various pharmaceuticals in recent years. The sensitive chromatographic methods, including liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), have been applied for analyzing nitrosamines in the pharmaceutical substrates, such as sartans, ranitidine and metformin. In comparison of LC, the efficacy of GC for analyzing multiple nitrosamines in diverse pharmaceuticals will be limited or attenuated owing to the chemical properties of target analytes or matrix hinderance of pharmaceutical substrates. To extend the applicability of GC analysis for multiple nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals, this study presented a gas chromatograph tandem mass (GC-MS/MS) method for monitoring 14 nitrosamines within 44 pharmaceuticals, whereas the headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) sampling mode was introduced. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a DB-heavyWax column (30 m x 0.25 mm; i.d., 0.25 mu m), whereas the HS-SPME sampling mode with a 50/30 mu m DVB/CAR/PDMS extracting fiber was applied for comparison of the direct injection mode. Meanwhile, the HS-SPME conditions were optimized to evaluate the effects of the parameters on analyzing total nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals by GC-MS/MS. The optimal conditions of HS-SPME were as follows: extracting solution of 90% NaCl, HS incubation time 1 min, SPME adsorbing at 80 degrees C for 30 min, and desorbing at 250 degrees C for 5 min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for 14 nitrosamines in pharmaceutical matrices under the optimal conditions was 0.05 mu g/g for the optimal HS-SPME, whereas the value was 0.05 0.25 mu g/g for direct injection.
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