Tunicate cellulose nanocrystals: Preparation, neat films and nanocomposite films with glucomannans

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were prepared from tunicate by enzymatic hydrolysis (ECN), TEMPOmediated oxidation (TCN) and acid hydrolysis (ACN). They were cast alone or blended with glucomannan (GM) from konjac or spruce to prepare films. Different CNs were obtained with a yield of ECN > TCN > ACN with corresponding order of decreased My but increased crystallinity. The CNs' diameters were on the nanometre scale, with lengths of ECN > TCN > ACN. For CN-films, TCN and ACN fibrils were stretched and parallel to each other due to surface charges. For CN-GM films, both components interacted strongly with each other, resulting in changes of crystallinity, specific surface area, fibril diameter and contact angle compared with CN films. The composite films had good thermal, optical and mechanical properties; the last ones are apparently better than similar films reported in the literature. This is the first systematic study of different tunicate CN-GM nanocomposite films and the first ever for spruce GM. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.