Psoralen and isopsoralen from Psoraleae Fructus aroused hepatotoxicity via induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated CYP1A2 expression

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Psoraleae Fructus (PF), a traditional Chinese medicine, has long been used to treat diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis and leukoderma. Psoralen and isopsoralen are main bioactive in-gredients of PF with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, estrogen-like neuroprotection, etc., meanwhile they are also representative hepatotoxic components of PF. Hepatic CYP1A2 has been reported to be the important metabolic enzymes involved in psoralen and isopsoralen-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the relationship between the hepatotoxicity and CYP1A2 expression, and the underlying mechanism of regulating CYP1A2 expression remain unclear. Aim of study: The aim of this study was to explore the associated mechanism between psoralen or isopsoralen induced hepatotoxicity and activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated transcriptional induction of CYP1A2 in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Psoralen and isopsoralen at different doses were treated on HepG2 cells (10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mu M for 2, 12, 24, 36, 48 h) and mice (20, 80, 160 mg/kg for 3, 7, 14 days) for different time, to assess the correlation of induced hepatotoxicity and CYP1A2 mRNA and protein expression in vivo and in vitro, as well as the effect on CYP1A2 enzyme activity evaluated by phenacetin metabolism. In addition, the potential mechanism of the regulation of CYP1A2 expression mediated by AhR was explored through nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, immunofluorescence, cellular thermal shift assay and molecular docking, etc. Results: Psoralen and isopsoralen induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and hepatomegaly, biochemicals disorder and tissue pathological impairment in mice, respectively in dose-and time-dependent manners. Simultaneously accompanied with elevated levels of CYP1A2 mRNA and protein in the same trend, and the CYP1A2 activity was remarkably inhibited in vitro but significantly elevated overall in vivo. Besides, psoralen and isopsoralen bound to AhR and activated translocation of AhR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, leading to the transcriptional in-duction of target gene CYP1A2. Conclusions: Hepatotoxicities in HepG2 cells and mice aroused by psoralen and isopsoralen were related to the induction of CYP1A2 expression and activity, whose underlying mechanism might be psoralen or isopsoralen activated AhR translocation and induced increase of CYP1A2 transcriptional expression. Hopefully, these finding are conductive to propose an alert about the combined usage of psoralen or isopsoralen and AhR ligands or CYP1A2 substrates in clinical practice.

Automated summary

The study revealed that the hepatotoxicity induced by psoralen and isopsoralen is associated with the expression and activity of CYP1A2, possibly through the mechanism of AhR-mediated transcriptional induction of CYP1A2. These findings are important to alert about the potential risks of combined usage of psoralen or isopsoralen with AhR ligands or CYP1A2 substrates in clinical practice.