Water Miscibility, Surface Tension, Density, and Dynamic Viscosity of Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Composed of Capric Acid, Menthol, and Thymol

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are rapidly emerging as environmentally benign and viable alternatives not only to common organic solvents but to relatively toxic ionic liquids as well. By judicious selection of the constituents and subsequent variation in their composition, the key physicochemical properties of the DESs can be easily tailored for a specific application. Impact of variation in constituents as well as their composition on important physical properties of natural DESs (NADESs) prepared using a common fatty acid n-decanoic acid (DA) and two naturally occurring monoterpenoids, thymol (Thy) and L(-)-menthol (Men), is assessed. Specifically, water miscibility, surface tension, density, and dynamic viscosity of 17 different DESs of three combinations of constituents, Men:DA, Thy:DA, and Thy:Men in four, four, and nine compositions, respectively, are measured. The water intake by the DESs under ambient conditions varies from 0.6 to 2.7 mol center dot kg-1 offering a means to gauge their hydrophobicity. Water miscibility is relatively lower for Men:DA DESs and higher for Thy:DA DESs. Surface tension values are within 28.37 mN center dot m-1 to 31.14 mN center dot m-1 under ambient conditions; they are higher for the DESs with the Thy constituent and vary systematically with DES composition. The densities of all the DESs are lower than that of water and decrease linearly with increasing temperature. While density does not vary with composition for Men:DA, it is found to increase linearly with an increase in Thy mole fraction for Thy:DA and Thy:Men DESs. The dynamic viscosity of the DESs are relatively lower as compared to the common tetralkylammonium salt-and metal salt based DESs, and exhibit strong constituent and composition dependence. Rather than the Arrhenius-type expression, the temperature-dependence of the dynamic viscosity better conforms to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) model with activation energy of the viscous flow varying systematically with the constituent and composition. Reported physical properties and their dependence on constituents/composition of the NADESs will enhance their utility and help establish them as novel alternate media in science and technology.

Automated summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are environmentally friendly alternatives to organic solvents and ionic liquids. By selecting suitable constituents and adjusting their compositions, the properties of DESs can be tailored for specific applications. This study assesses the impact of variation in constituents and composition on the physical properties of natural DESs (NADESs) prepared using fatty acids and naturally occurring monoterpenoids. The results provide valuable insights for enhancing the utility of NADESs in science and technology.