Journal
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Volume 214, Issue 7, Pages 1030-1038Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw311
Keywords
A(H3N2) drifted viruses; antigenic mismatch; influenza vaccines; cell-mediated immunity; young and adolescent children
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Funding
- CDC [U01 IP000467]
- National Institutes of Health [UL1 RR024153, UL1TR000005]
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Background. Emergence of antigenically drifted influenza A(H3N2) viruses resulted in reduced vaccine effectiveness in all age groups during the 2014-2015 influenza season. In children, inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) elicited neutralizing antibodies (Abs) against drifted strains at significantly lower levels than against the vaccine strain. Little is known about the cross-reactivity of cell-mediated immunity against drifted strains in children. Methods. Children aged 3-17 years (n = 48) received IIV during the 2014-2015 influenza season. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, collected before (on day 0) and after (on days 7 and 21) vaccination were evaluated for induction of cross-reactive plasmablasts, memory B cells, and cytokine-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against the vaccine and drifted A(H3N2) viruses by an enzyme-linked immunospot assay and flow cytometry. Results. IIV increased frequencies of plasmablasts and memory B cells. The overall induction of the T-cell response was not significant. Both B-cell and T-cell responses showed significant cross-reactivity against A(H3N2) viruses. Age and preexisting immunity affected virus-specific plasmablast responses and fold-change of T-cell responses, respectively. The proportion of T-helper type 1-prone (ie, interferon gamma- or tumor necrosis factor alpha-secreting) CD4(+) T cell responses also increased with age. Conclusions. In children aged 3-17 years, B-and T-cell responses following IIV receipt showed significant cross-reactivity against A(H3N2) viruses during a vaccine mismatch season.
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