Journal
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
Volume 166, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105604
Keywords
Pyrolysis; Biochar; Thermal analysis; Evolved gas analysis; Soft ionization; High-resolution mass spectrometry
Funding
- Germany/Europe program for the EU FT-ICR MS project [731077]
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [INST 264/56]
- Academy of Finland [308062, 321916]
- Magnus Ehrnrooth foundation
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [321916, 308062, 308062, 321916] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
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This study investigates the influence of a eutectic salt mixture on the carbonization process and demonstrates the catalytic effect of the salt mixture on the production of biochar, achieving partial graphitization at relatively low temperatures.
The production of graphite requires high temperatures, and fossil petroleum, coal, or nutshells are frequently used as a carbon source. As a replacement, Kraft lignin, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, is a promising carbon source with a prefigured aromatic network. Biomass-based feedstocks with improved char-acteristics can be obtained by hydrothermal carbonization, but the chemical nature of this process is not fully understood yet. Moreover, adding a eutectic salt mixture (LiCl/KCl) to the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin and HTC lignin can improve the graphitization at lower temperatures. In this study, thermal analysis with online mass spectrometric detection of the evolved gas mixture was applied to explore the influence of the eutectic salt mixture on the char conversion process. Aside from classical pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry coupled with soft photoionization mass spectrometry allowed to identify phenol, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and various larger lignin fragments. These larger dimeric/trimeric methoxyphenol derivatives were successfully validated by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with soft at-mospheric pressure chemical ionization. The investigations indicated the catalytic influence of the salt mixture on the production process of the biochars, achieving partially graphitization already at relatively low temper-atures (700 C). On the morphology, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed the evolution of the carbon structures and revealed that the materials have typical features for amorphous carbon.
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