Fabrication and finite element simulation of antibacterial 3D printed Poly L-lactic acid scaffolds coated with alginate/magnesium oxide for bone tissue regeneration

This study proposes 3D-printed Poly L-lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds coated with alginate/MgO, and includes three different cellular topologies. Three unique scaffold models were considered: Perovskite type 1 (P1), Perovskite type 2 (P2), and IWP. Each scaffold was coated with alginate/MgO at the concentrations of 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt %, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%. For morphological and phase study, the microstructure of fabricated scaffolds was characterized using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Besides, the biological characteristics of scaffolds, such as biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and cell survival were studied after 21 days of soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The results of biological studies indicate that the apatite layer covered the majority of com-posite scaffold's surface and sealed the pores' surface. The material properties of Alginate/MgO RVEs were evaluated under PBC, and it described that the elastic modulus enhanced from 100 (pure Alginate) to 130 MPA by adding 20 wt% MgO nanoparticles. The presented findings were compared to the results obtained by the experimental procedure and revealed satisfactory agreement. RVE-achieved material properties were used in the additional studies on the scaffolds to find the best candidate due to the material properties and architectures. Furthermore, experiment and finite element simulation were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of scaffolds under the compressive deformation. According to the results, the compressive strength of structures follows the order sigma Perovskite type 1>sigma Perovskite type 2 >sigma IWP. The results indicate that increasing MgO content from 0 wt% to 20 wt% enhances each structure's compressive strength and elastic modulus. In conclusion, based on the biological findings and simulation results, PLA scaffold with Perovskite type 1 (P1) architecture coated with Alginate/ 20 wt% MgO had the best response which is the final research candidate.

Automated summary

This study proposes 3D-printed PLA scaffolds coated with alginate/MgO, and includes three different cellular topologies. The microstructure and phase of the scaffolds were characterized using FESEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. The biological characteristics, such as biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and cell survival were evaluated after soaking in SBF for 21 days. The results showed that PLA scaffold with Perovskite type 1 (P1) architecture coated with Alginate/20 wt% MgO had the best response and was chosen as the final research candidate.