Journal
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 197, Issue 10, Pages 4042-4052Publisher
AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601132
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Funding
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia under the FCT Investigator Programme
- iNOVA4Health [UID/Multi/04462/2013]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/M022374/1]
- Medical Research Council [MR/K015826/1]
- BBSRC [BB/M022374/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MR/K015826/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/M022374/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MR/K015826/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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The ability of HIV-1 to replicate and to establish long-term reservoirs is strongly influenced by T cell activation. Through the use of membrane-tethered, genetically encoded calcium (Ca2+) indicators, we were able to detect for the first time, to our knowledge, the formation of Ca2+ territories and determine their role in coordinating the functional signaling nanostructure of the synaptic membrane. Consequently, we report a previously unknown immune subversion mechanism involving HIV-1 exploitation, through its Nef accessory protein, of the interconnectivity among three evolutionarily conserved cellular processes: vesicle traffic, signaling compartmentalization, and the second messenger Ca2+. We found that HIV-1 Nef specifically associates with the traffic regulators MAL and Rab11b compelling the vesicular accumulation of Lck. Through its association with MAL and Rab11b, Nef co-opts Lck switchlike function driving the formation Ca2+ membrane territories, which, in turn, control the fusion of LAT-transporting Rab27 and Rab37 vesicles and the formation of LAT nanoclusters at the immunological synapse. Consequently, HIV-1 Nef disengages TCR triggering from the generation of p-LAT and p-SLP nanoclusters driving TCR signal amplification and diversification. Altogether our results indicate that HIV-1 exploits the interconnectivity among vesicle traffic, Ca2+ membrane territories, and signaling nanoclusters to modulate T cell signaling and function.
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