Sediment Release in the Benguela Upwelling System Dominates Trace Metal Input to the Shelf and Eastern South Atlantic Ocean

Upwelling of subsurface waters injects macronutrients (fixed N, P, and Si) and micronutrient trace metals (TMs) into surface waters supporting elevated primary production in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Regions. The eastern South Atlantic features a highly productive shelf sea transitioning to a low productivity N-Fe (co)limited open ocean. Whilst a gradient in most TM concentrations is expected in any off-shelf transect, the factors controlling the magnitude of cross-shelf TM fluxes are poorly constrained. Here, we present dissolved TM concentrations of Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Cu within the Benguela Upwelling System from the coastal section of the GEOTRACES GA08 cruise. Elevated dissolved Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cu and macronutrient concentrations were observed near shelf sediments. Benthic sources supplied 2.22 +/- 0.99 mu mol Fe m(-2) day(-1), 0.05 +/- 0.03 mu mol Co m(-2) day(-1), 0.28 +/- 0.11 mu mol Mn m(-2) day(-1) and were found to be the dominant source to shallow shelf waters compared to atmospheric depositions. Similarly, off-shelf transfer was a more important source of TMs to the eastern South Atlantic Ocean compared to atmospheric deposition. Assessment of surface (shelf, upper 200 m) and subsurface (shelf edge, 200-500 m) fluxes of Fe and Co indicated TM fluxes from subsurface were 2-5 times larger than those from surface into the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Under future conditions of increasing ocean deoxygenation, these fluxes may increase further, potentially contributing to a shift toward more extensive regional limitation of primary production by fixed N availability.

Automated summary

The Benguela Upwelling System in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean is characterized by high nutrient concentrations and trace metals, which primarily come from benthic sources near the shelf and off-shelf transfer. Under future conditions of increasing ocean deoxygenation, these fluxes may increase further, potentially leading to more extensive regional limitation of primary production by fixed nitrogen availability.