New insights into the Rhone-Simplon fault system (Swiss Alps) from a consistent earthquake catalogue covering 35 yr

Seismotectonic interpretations in regions characterized by low to moderate seismicity require consistent earthquake catalogues covering periods of several decades. Inevitable changes in network configuration and analysing procedures, however, introduce significant bias to the hypocentre parameters and uncertainty estimates reported in such catalogues. To overcome these limitations, we developed a procedure using coupled hypocentre-velocity inversions to compute consistent hypocentre locations covering time periods of several decades while accounting for changes in network geometry. We apply these procedures to 35 yr of instrumentally recorded seismicity along the Rhone-Simplon fault system in southwest Switzerland, which is at the transition between the Central and Western Alps. The entire catalogue is relocated using a probabilistic location algorithm in combination with the derived minimum 1-D velocity models. A combination of location parameters is used to define consistent location-quality classes allowing for reliable interpretation of epicentres and focal depths. The relocated catalogue is interpreted together with a recent 3-D P-wave tomographic model and available 2-D reflection seismic profiles. The relocated hypocentres indicate that the major band of seismicity north of the Rhone valley is associated with a 30-40 km long, steeply north-dipping shear zone, which roots in the crystalline basement of the Aar Massif and extends to the shallowest levels of the sedimentary cover of the Helvetic nappes in the Rawil Depression. Seismicity towards the southwest indicates the existence of a similar shear zone within the Aiguille Rouge Massif. This zone possibly extends to the northeast and joins the Rawil fault zone. To the south of the Rhone valley, seismicity is scattered within the Penninic nappes, but limited to the hanging wall of the Pennine Basal Thrust (PBT). The Penninic nappes are characterized by a relatively higher V-P of about 5 per cent compared to the Aar Massif, indicating differences in composition or metamorphic grade across the PBT.

Automated summary

Seismotectonic interpretations in regions with low to moderate seismicity require consistent earthquake catalogues covering multiple decades. However, changes in network configuration and analysis procedures introduce bias and uncertainty to hypocentre parameters in these catalogues. To address these limitations, we developed a procedure using coupled hypocentre-velocity inversions to compute consistent hypocentre locations while accounting for network geometry changes. We applied these procedures to 35 years of seismicity data along the Rhone-Simplon fault system in southwest Switzerland, revealing the characteristics and distribution of seismic activity in the region.